Lecture 8 Flashcards
What are bile acids made of?
bile acids are made up of cholesterol and an amino acid from protein.
What happens to bile in small intestine?
bile acids are recycled into the liver. Soluble fibers can attach to bile and cause it to get excreted.
How does the intestine absorbe glycerol and smaller fatty acids?
Glycerol, short, andmedium chain fatty acids are able to traverse intestinal membrane into villi.
How are monoglycerides absorbed at the small intestine?
Monoglycerides are incorporated into micelles which diffuses into intestinal cells. monoglycerides are then reassembled into triglycerides and packed into chylomicrons. These fatty acids bypass liver initially and enter the lymphatic system.
Does intestine differentiate between animal and plant sterols?
No
How are fatty acids packed to be absorbed?
Fatty acids are packed into lipoproteins. Chylomicrons are mostly triglyerides and are huge and much less dense compared to LPLs, HPLs, and VLPLs.
What do chylomicrons contain (in relative terms)?
Triglyerides with little amounts of other fats.
What do VLDLs contain (in relative terms)?
Triglyerides mostly with large amounts of cholesterol and phospholipids.
What do LDLs contain (in relative terms)?
LDLs contain lots of cholesterol and phospholipids.
What do HDLs contain (in relative terms)?
HDLs contain more proteins and less cholesterol and phospholipids.
Does intestine differentiate between trans and cis fatty acids?
No
How are chylomicrons removed from the blood?
Liver removes remnants from blood.
Where are VLDLs produced?
Liver
What does LDL do?
LDL transports cholesterol and phospholipids to tissue.
What does HDL do?
HDL removes cholesterol from cells and tranports it to the liver.
What do VLDLs do?
Transport triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids to the body tissue.
What are the essential fatty acids?
Linolenic (omega-3; source for DHA and EPA) and linoleic (omega 6; gives arachidonic acid) acids
What is the function of DHA and EPA?
DHA and EPA are precursors to a group of compounds known as eicosanoids and are important for health and for eyes. DHA and EPA come from linolenic acid
What are the symptoms of fatty acid deficiencies?
Growth retardation, reproductive failure, skin lesions, kidney/liver disorders, neurological/visual problems
What is the RDI of linolenic acid? What about linoleic acid?
Linolenic acid: 5 - 10% of diet
Linoleic acid: 0.9 - 1.2%
What is glycerol broken down into before the kreb’s cycle?
Glycerol is broken down into pyruvate.
What are fatty acids broken down into before the kreb’s cycle?
Fatty acids are broken down to acetyl coa.
Why are fatty acids always even in number of carbons?
made up of acetyl CoA so they are added in 2s
What catalyses breakdown of fatty acids and formation of glycerol?
CoA
What is the energy produced per gram in fat and glucose?
36kj/gram 129 ATP
17kj/gram 30 ATP
