Lecture 8

Question 1

What are bile acids made of?

Answer 1

bile acids are made up of cholesterol and an amino acid from protein.

Question 2

What happens to bile in small intestine?

Answer 2

bile acids are recycled into the liver. Soluble fibers can attach to bile and cause it to get excreted.

Question 3

How does the intestine absorbe glycerol and smaller fatty acids?

Answer 3

Glycerol, short, andmedium chain fatty acids are able to traverse intestinal membrane into villi.

Question 4

How are monoglycerides absorbed at the small intestine?

Answer 4

Monoglycerides are incorporated into micelles which diffuses into intestinal cells. monoglycerides are then reassembled into triglycerides and packed into chylomicrons. These fatty acids bypass liver initially and enter the lymphatic system.

Question 5

Does intestine differentiate between animal and plant sterols?

Answer 5

No

Question 6

How are fatty acids packed to be absorbed?

Answer 6

Fatty acids are packed into lipoproteins. Chylomicrons are mostly triglyerides and are huge and much less dense compared to LPLs, HPLs, and VLPLs.

Question 7

What do chylomicrons contain (in relative terms)?

Answer 7

Triglyerides with little amounts of other fats.

Question 8

What do VLDLs contain (in relative terms)?

Answer 8

Triglyerides mostly with large amounts of cholesterol and phospholipids.

Question 9

What do LDLs contain (in relative terms)?

Answer 9

LDLs contain lots of cholesterol and phospholipids.

Question 10

What do HDLs contain (in relative terms)?

Answer 10

HDLs contain more proteins and less cholesterol and phospholipids.

Question 11

Does intestine differentiate between trans and cis fatty acids?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

How are chylomicrons removed from the blood?

Answer 12

Liver removes remnants from blood.

Question 13

Where are VLDLs produced?

Answer 13

Liver

Question 14

What does LDL do?

Answer 14

LDL transports cholesterol and phospholipids to tissue.

Question 15

What does HDL do?

Answer 15

HDL removes cholesterol from cells and tranports it to the liver.

Question 16

What do VLDLs do?

Answer 16

Transport triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids to the body tissue.

Question 17

What are the essential fatty acids?

Answer 17

Linolenic (omega-3; source for DHA and EPA) and linoleic (omega 6; gives arachidonic acid) acids

Question 18

What is the function of DHA and EPA?

Answer 18

DHA and EPA are precursors to a group of compounds known as eicosanoids and are important for health and for eyes. DHA and EPA come from linolenic acid

Question 19

What are the symptoms of fatty acid deficiencies?

Answer 19

Growth retardation, 
reproductive failure, 
skin lesions, 
kidney/liver disorders,
neurological/visual problems

Question 20

What is the RDI of linolenic acid? What about linoleic acid?

Answer 20

Linolenic acid: 5 - 10% of diet

Linoleic acid: 0.9 - 1.2%

Question 21

What is glycerol broken down into before the kreb’s cycle?

Answer 21

Glycerol is broken down into pyruvate.

Question 22

What are fatty acids broken down into before the kreb’s cycle?

Answer 22

Fatty acids are broken down to acetyl coa.

Question 23

Why are fatty acids always even in number of carbons?

Answer 23

made up of acetyl CoA so they are added in 2s

Question 24

What catalyses breakdown of fatty acids and formation of glycerol?

Answer 24

CoA

Question 25

What is the energy produced per gram in fat and glucose?

Answer 25

36kj/gram 129 ATP

17kj/gram 30 ATP