Lecture 8 Flashcards
What is orthography?
the spelling of words
What is phonology?
the sound of words
What is semantics?
the meaning of words
What is syntax?
rules for combining words e.g. Jamie hit David (who did the hitting?)`
What is higher-level discourse integration?
Making inferences e.g. I’m leaving you - Who’s he?
What are the three parts of the Interactive Activation Model?
- feature level
- letter level
- word level
Describe the feature level
When a feature (e.g. vertical line) is detected, activation is sent to all letters containing that feature
Describe the letter level
when a letter is identified, activation is sent to all word units containing that letter in the appropriate position
Describe the word level
activate word units increase the level of activation in the letter-level units for the letters forming that word
What are three reaction time tasks for studying reading?
- lexical decision task: is “wug” a word?
- semantic categorisation task: is hawk an animal?
- naming (read-aloud) task
What are two indirect measures for studying reading?
- inference tasks e.g. stroop colour naming
2. priming
What does the stroop interference effect suggest?
that word meaning (reading) is extracted even when participants try to not process it
What is a masked priming stroop effect? Cheesman and Merikle (1984)
stroop colour naming interference effect occurs even when the word name is presented below the level of conscious awareness
What did Van Orden (1987) study on phonological processes in reading find?
Participants engaged in phonological processing - made many errors when asked if ‘ROWS’ was a flower
What did Rastle and Brysbaert (2006) find about masked phonological priming?
That word processing is faster when preceded by nonwords that sound the same (phonological) than by primes similar in orthography but dont sound the same - - suggests phonological processing occurs rapidly and automatically
What are the three varieties of orthography?
- Logographic e.g. Chinese - symbol maps onto a morphome
- Syllabic e.g. Japanese - symbol maps onto a syllable
- Alphabet e.g. English - maps onto phonemes (smallest unit of sound)
What were most of the earliest writing systems?
Logographic
What is a grapheme?
letter or letter cluster that correspond to a single phoneme e.g. igh (sigh) sh (ship)
What does orthographic depth describe?
the consistency of grapheme/phoneme mapping. English is considered a deep orthography because the same clusters of letters can be used for different words e.g. though, cough, tough
What is an example of “irregular” mapping? (odd one out)
PINT should rhyme with MINT, HINT, LINT etc.
What are the three key assumptions of the Dual-Route Cascaded model?
- people use both lexical and non-lexical paths when reading aloud
- naming visually presented words generally depends on the route
- activation at one level cascades to the next before processing at the first level is complete
What are the three types of developmental dyslexia and what do they mean?
- surface dyslexia - intact nonword reading, poor at reading irregular words e.g PINT, PLAID
- phonological dyslexia - intact word reading, poor at reading nonwords e.g. JINK
- deep dyslexia - like phonological dyslexia, plus semantic errors (e.g. read tulip as rose)
How many word per second and how many words per minute do we read?
4 words per second & 250 words per minute
