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Cognition > Lecture 6 - Semantic Memory > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Semantic Memory Flashcards

1
Q

In a sentence verification task, what is the the subject and the predicate? E.g. a canary is a bird

A

subject - canary, predicate - bird

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2
Q

In a sentence verification task, what is a set inclusion?

A

What set the subject belongs to e.g. a canary is a bird ‘isa’

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3
Q

In a sentence verification task, what is a property-attribute?

A

A property of the object - e.g. a canary has feathers - ‘has’

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4
Q

What are concepts represented by?

A

nodes

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5
Q

Relationships between concepts are represented by…?

A

links

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6
Q

Describe 2 aspects of the Hierarchical network model

A
  1. concepts are organised in a hierarchy

2. cognitive economy - property attribute is stored at the highest level. ANIMAL>BIRD>CANARY

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7
Q

What does the idea of Hierarchal network model suggest?

A

sentence verification RT is a function of levels that you have to travel through in the hierarchy

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8
Q

What is the main problem with the hierarchal network model?

A

Conrad (1972) RT is better explained in terms of frequency of co-occurence of concept and property rather than levels - associative strength

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9
Q

What are three more problems with the hierarchical network model?

A
  1. RTs did not always mirror hierarchal relationship
  2. within-category typicality effects
  3. faster negative judgements for closer concepts
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10
Q

What are three characteristics of the spreading activation model? (Collins & Loftus, 1975)

A
  1. concepts are organised non-hierachically
  2. links vary in associative strength/accessibility
  3. activation of a concept spreads to other concepts link to it
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11
Q

What is the semantic priming effect?

A

Response to a word is faster following a semantically related word e.g. car + truck

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12
Q

What is the semantic priming effect used to study? 2 things

A
  1. organisation of semantic memory

2. automaticity

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13
Q

What is the feature comparison model? (Smith, Shoben & Rips, 1974)

A

It assumes that knowledge is represented as distributed features in semantic space

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14
Q

What do network models assume?

A

knowledge (e.g. canary has wings)

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15
Q

What is multidimensional scaling?

A

Subjects rate how similar a pair of concepts are e.g. sheep-goat. Data are represented in semantic space on a graph
e.g. domesticity (wild-domesticated), size (small-large) etc.

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16
Q

What are linguistic hedges?

A

Features represented by predicate noun - a true statement, technically speaking, loosely speaking

17
Q

What is the first stage of the feature comparison model?

A

Compare all features of the subject and predicate terms to determine overall similarity

18
Q

What is the second stage of the feature comparison model?

A

Compare DEFINING features of subject and predicate terms

19
Q

What does the two-stage decision process explain?

A

Typicality effect

similarity effect

20
Q

What are 2 limitations of sentence verification data?

A
  1. data can be explained by theories with very different assumptions
  2. stimuli are words - is recognition of word meanings the same as recognition of objects?
21
Q

What are two things that studied of brain-impaired patients show about semantic memory?

A
  1. selective impairment of categories (living things vs. non-living things)
  2. even more category-specific impairment (e.g. preserved knowledge of body-parts together with impairment of living things) vise versa
22
Q

What were the general characteristics of Patient JBR? (Warrington & Shallice, 1984)

A

intact language
verbal and performance IQ normal
visual identification impaired (famous faces), picture-word matching impaired
densely amnesic

23
Q

What was the percentage that JBR could identify of animal & plants & inanimate objects?

A

animal/plants - 6%, inanimate objects - 90%

24
Q

What are two ways that the brain’s concepts are organised?

A
  1. perceptual-functional theory

2. distributed-plus-hub theory

25
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Human memory that responds to general knowledge without connection to any place or time

26
Q

How is long term memory divided?

A

Declarative memory —–> Semantic memory and episodic memory
Procedural memory

Cognition (9 decks)

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