Lecture 4 Flashcards
What are the divisions of long-term memory?
- procedural
- declarative >
- semantic
- episodic
What is procedural memory?
actions, perceptual and motor skills e.g. serving in tennis
What is declarative memory?
factual information
What is semantic memory?
general knowledge about the world, concepts, language e.g. dogs have four legs, 2+2=4
What is episodic memory?
dated recollections of events e.g. what I had for breakfast this morning - also autobiographical memory
What are the three memory processes in LTM and what do they mean?E
- encoding: transferring of input into a suitable format
- storage: maintaining info
- retrieval: getting info out of storage
What did Craik & Watson (1973) find?
Rote rehearsal is not effective
What is incidental encoding?
subjects not told of subsequent memory test
In the levels-of-processing experiment what did Craik & Tulving (1975) find?
that people remembered the items more clearly if it was semantic
What is the main finding in Craik and Lockhart’s levels-of-processing framework?
- An item can be processed through progressively deeper processing e.g. visual>phonological>semantic
What is the levels of processing puzzle?
Why is the strength of processing stronger for ‘yes’ items rather than ‘no’ items
What was the answer to this puzzle according to Craik and Tulving (1975)?
Spread of processing: elaboration - the amount of processing you do is important. Elaboration makes the item more distinctive.
What is free recall?
“tell me the words I just showed you”
What is cued recall?
“tell me a word I just showed you that starts with my-“
What is recognition?
“was ‘mystery’ in the list I just showed you?”
What is implicit retrieval?
“tell me the first word that comes to mind that starts with my-“
What is the encoding specificity principle (Tulving 1978)?
memory performance depends on the match between the context at encoding and the context at retrieval e.g. not recognising your lecturer in the supermarket
What did the Thomson & Tulving (1970) study find?
recall was better when the output cue matched the input cue (e.g. white & black v black & train) - supports encoding specificity principle
What does the recognition failure of recallable words find?
Found the opposite of the theory that it is easier to recognise words than recall them. Recognition in stage 3 was worse than recall in stage 4.
What did the Variation by Muter (1978) find? (hollywood)
Recognition was only 29% and recall was 42% correct
What is episodic memory about?
Events bound to context - match between encoding and test context important
What are the two different types of context and what do they mean?
Intrinsic: has an impact on the meaning of an item
extrinsic: does not have an impact on the meaning e.g. environment, mood
What did Godden and Baddeley find about the change of environmental context?
Affects recall but not recognition - land or 20 ft underwater
What did Kenealy (1997) find about mood-state dependent memory?
Mood match affected free recall but not cued recall
What does intrinsic context affect?
mismatch effects recall and recognition
What does extrinsic context affect?
mismatch effects recall but not recognition or cued recall
What did Nissen’s study on multiple personalities show about between-personality memory?
free-recall was poor but recognition (e.g. of faces) was good
What is implicit retrieval?
memory tests do not make explicit reference to the study episode e.g. word fragment test
In implicit memory, what is repetition priming?
refers to better performance as a result of prior exposure e.g. study: mystery, assassin - test: m_s_e_y
What did Graf, Squire and Mandler (1984) find about subject types re implicit/explicit memory?
Amnesics performed worse than controls on all conventional (explicit) memory tasks, but not on word completion
What are three causes of amnesia?
- Korsakoff’s disease (chronic alcohol abuse)
- Alzheimers
- Closed head injury
What is retrograde amnesia?
Trouble remembering past events (LT)
What is anterograde amnesia?
Trouble remembering future events (ST)
What did Schacter, Church and Bolton (1995) find about amnesics and word identification?
amnesiacs lack the ability to bind voices with words
What did Huppert & Piercy’s study show about Korsakoff patients?
they were able to distinguish between never-seen pictures and seen pictures but not between pictures seen on different days
What is the overall finding about amnesics and memory?
They are poor at performing on explicit tests because they are unable to bind information to a context. Implicit tests give cues to guide performance and do not required distinguishing between contexts
