Lecture 4 Flashcards
What are the divisions of long-term memory?
- procedural
- declarative >
- semantic
- episodic
What is procedural memory?
actions, perceptual and motor skills e.g. serving in tennis
What is declarative memory?
factual information
What is semantic memory?
general knowledge about the world, concepts, language e.g. dogs have four legs, 2+2=4
What is episodic memory?
dated recollections of events e.g. what I had for breakfast this morning - also autobiographical memory
What are the three memory processes in LTM and what do they mean?E
- encoding: transferring of input into a suitable format
- storage: maintaining info
- retrieval: getting info out of storage
What did Craik & Watson (1973) find?
Rote rehearsal is not effective
What is incidental encoding?
subjects not told of subsequent memory test
In the levels-of-processing experiment what did Craik & Tulving (1975) find?
that people remembered the items more clearly if it was semantic
What is the main finding in Craik and Lockhart’s levels-of-processing framework?
- An item can be processed through progressively deeper processing e.g. visual>phonological>semantic
What is the levels of processing puzzle?
Why is the strength of processing stronger for ‘yes’ items rather than ‘no’ items
What was the answer to this puzzle according to Craik and Tulving (1975)?
Spread of processing: elaboration - the amount of processing you do is important. Elaboration makes the item more distinctive.
What is free recall?
“tell me the words I just showed you”
What is cued recall?
“tell me a word I just showed you that starts with my-“
What is recognition?
“was ‘mystery’ in the list I just showed you?”
What is implicit retrieval?
“tell me the first word that comes to mind that starts with my-“
What is the encoding specificity principle (Tulving 1978)?
memory performance depends on the match between the context at encoding and the context at retrieval e.g. not recognising your lecturer in the supermarket
What did the Thomson & Tulving (1970) study find?
recall was better when the output cue matched the input cue (e.g. white & black v black & train) - supports encoding specificity principle
What does the recognition failure of recallable words find?
Found the opposite of the theory that it is easier to recognise words than recall them. Recognition in stage 3 was worse than recall in stage 4.
What did the Variation by Muter (1978) find? (hollywood)
Recognition was only 29% and recall was 42% correct
What is episodic memory about?
Events bound to context - match between encoding and test context important
What are the two different types of context and what do they mean?
Intrinsic: has an impact on the meaning of an item
extrinsic: does not have an impact on the meaning e.g. environment, mood
What did Godden and Baddeley find about the change of environmental context?
Affects recall but not recognition - land or 20 ft underwater
What did Kenealy (1997) find about mood-state dependent memory?
Mood match affected free recall but not cued recall
