Lecture 4

Question 1

What are the divisions of long-term memory?

Answer 1

1. procedural
2. declarative >
3. semantic
4. episodic

Question 2

What is procedural memory?

Answer 2

actions, perceptual and motor skills e.g. serving in tennis

Question 3

What is declarative memory?

Answer 3

factual information

Question 4

What is semantic memory?

Answer 4

general knowledge about the world, concepts, language e.g. dogs have four legs, 2+2=4

Question 5

What is episodic memory?

Answer 5

dated recollections of events e.g. what I had for breakfast this morning - also autobiographical memory

Question 6

What are the three memory processes in LTM and what do they mean?E

Answer 6

1. encoding: transferring of input into a suitable format
2. storage: maintaining info
3. retrieval: getting info out of storage

Question 7

What did Craik & Watson (1973) find?

Answer 7

Rote rehearsal is not effective

Question 8

What is incidental encoding?

Answer 8

subjects not told of subsequent memory test

Question 9

In the levels-of-processing experiment what did Craik & Tulving (1975) find?

Answer 9

that people remembered the items more clearly if it was semantic

Question 10

What is the main finding in Craik and Lockhart’s levels-of-processing framework?

Answer 10

1. An item can be processed through progressively deeper processing e.g. visual>phonological>semantic

Question 11

What is the levels of processing puzzle?

Answer 11

Why is the strength of processing stronger for ‘yes’ items rather than ‘no’ items

Question 12

What was the answer to this puzzle according to Craik and Tulving (1975)?

Answer 12

Spread of processing: elaboration - the amount of processing you do is important. Elaboration makes the item more distinctive.

Question 13

What is free recall?

Answer 13

“tell me the words I just showed you”

Question 14

What is cued recall?

Answer 14

“tell me a word I just showed you that starts with my-“

Question 15

What is recognition?

Answer 15

“was ‘mystery’ in the list I just showed you?”

Question 16

What is implicit retrieval?

Answer 16

“tell me the first word that comes to mind that starts with my-“

Question 17

What is the encoding specificity principle (Tulving 1978)?

Answer 17

memory performance depends on the match between the context at encoding and the context at retrieval e.g. not recognising your lecturer in the supermarket

Question 18

What did the Thomson & Tulving (1970) study find?

Answer 18

recall was better when the output cue matched the input cue (e.g. white & black v black & train) - supports encoding specificity principle

Question 19

What does the recognition failure of recallable words find?

Answer 19

Found the opposite of the theory that it is easier to recognise words than recall them. Recognition in stage 3 was worse than recall in stage 4.

Question 20

What did the Variation by Muter (1978) find? (hollywood)

Answer 20

Recognition was only 29% and recall was 42% correct

Question 21

What is episodic memory about?

Answer 21

Events bound to context - match between encoding and test context important

Question 22

What are the two different types of context and what do they mean?

Answer 22

Intrinsic: has an impact on the meaning of an item
extrinsic: does not have an impact on the meaning e.g. environment, mood

Question 23

What did Godden and Baddeley find about the change of environmental context?

Answer 23

Affects recall but not recognition - land or 20 ft underwater

Question 24

What did Kenealy (1997) find about mood-state dependent memory?

Answer 24

Mood match affected free recall but not cued recall

Question 25

What does intrinsic context affect?

Answer 25

mismatch effects recall and recognition

Question 26

What does extrinsic context affect?

Answer 26

mismatch effects recall but not recognition or cued recall

Question 27

What did Nissen’s study on multiple personalities show about between-personality memory?

Answer 27

free-recall was poor but recognition (e.g. of faces) was good

Question 28

What is implicit retrieval?

Answer 28

memory tests do not make explicit reference to the study episode e.g. word fragment test

Question 29

In implicit memory, what is repetition priming?

Answer 29

refers to better performance as a result of prior exposure e.g. study: mystery, assassin - test: m_s_e_y

Question 30

What did Graf, Squire and Mandler (1984) find about subject types re implicit/explicit memory?

Answer 30

Amnesics performed worse than controls on all conventional (explicit) memory tasks, but not on word completion

Question 31

What are three causes of amnesia?

Answer 31

1. Korsakoff’s disease (chronic alcohol abuse)
2. Alzheimers
3. Closed head injury

Question 32

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 32

Trouble remembering past events (LT)

Question 33

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 33

Trouble remembering future events (ST)

Question 34

What did Schacter, Church and Bolton (1995) find about amnesics and word identification?

Answer 34

amnesiacs lack the ability to bind voices with words

Question 35

What did Huppert & Piercy’s study show about Korsakoff patients?

Answer 35

they were able to distinguish between never-seen pictures and seen pictures but not between pictures seen on different days

Question 36

What is the overall finding about amnesics and memory?

Answer 36

They are poor at performing on explicit tests because they are unable to bind information to a context. Implicit tests give cues to guide performance and do not required distinguishing between contexts