Lecture 3 Flashcards
What are three criticisms of the original multistore model?
- sensory store, STM and LTM are not unitary
- over-emphasis of structural aspects of memory, rather than processes
- STM is not the gateway to LTM
What was the main deficit of Patient KF?
inability to repeat verbal material - digit/letter/word span of 1
What is evidence for independence of ST & LT memory in neuropsychology?
amnesics - damage to the medial temporal lobe: impaired long-term memory, in-tact short term
patient K.F&others - damage to the parietal & temporal lobes: normal long-term memory, poor short term memory
What did Baddeley and Hitch (1974) do?
replaced the concept of “short-term store” with “working memory” by proposing subcomponents within the STM
What are the four subcomponents of the STM store?
- central executive
- phonological loop
- visuo-spatial sketchpad
- episodic buffer
What does the central executive compose?
modality free, resembles attentions, deals with any demanding task, uses slave systems
What does the phonological loop do?
(inner voice) holds info in a speech-based form
What is the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
(inner eye) specialised for spatial and visual coding and manipulation
What is the episodic buffer?
temporary storage system - holds and integrates info from phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad and LTM
Components of the working memory model system are thought to be…
limited in capacity and relatively indepndent - if two tasks use the same component they cannot be used succesfully together
What did Conrad (1964) find about phonological similarity?
short-term memory uses a phonological code, even for visually presented stimuli
What are two findings of Baddeley’s (1966) about the phonological similarity effect?
- Immediate serial recall of visually presented words is worse with a phonologically similar list, compared to a dissimiar list
- suggests that we use speech-based rehearsal processes within the phonological loop
What does the word length effect show?
Memory span is lower for words taking a long time to say - suggests that capacity of phonological loop is determined by articulatory duration
What does articulatory suppression do?
e.g. counting repeatedly - eliminates phonological similarity effect & word length effect for visually presented stimuli but not for auditorily presented stimuli
Why doesn’t articulatory suppression eliminate the phonological similarity effect & the word length effect for auditorily presented stimuli?
auditory presentation allows direct access to the phonological store - visually presented stimuli are recorded into phonological form by means of subvocalisation
What are the two main components of the phonological loop system?
- passive phonological store
2. articulatory control process
What is the passive phonological store in the phonological loop system? 3 points
- holds verbal info - 1.5-2secs
- auditory presentation of words has direct access - doesnt need rehearsal
- visual presentation only has indirect access
What is the articulatory control process? 3 points
- like subvocal speech
- maintains phonological info by rehearsal
- provides indirect access to the phonological store for visual input
What is the phonological loop for? 3 points
- used in temporary storage and manipulation of phonological (speech) info
- involved in learning new word forms (e.g. foreign vocab)
- may be involved in reading (dyslexia)
Logie (1995) claimed that the visuo-spatial sketchpad consists of two components, what are they?
- visual cache
2. inner scribe
What is the inner-cache in the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
stores info about visual form and colour
What is the inner-scribe in the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
processes spatial and movement info, involved in rehesearsal of info in visual cache, transfers info from cache to central executive
Why did Baddeley (2000) add the episodic buffer?
components original model were too separate in their functioning
What was Norman & Shallice’s view of attentional control?
two forms of attentional control in conflict resolution e.g. stroop test- GREEN(in red font colour)
According to Norman & Shallice, what are schemas?
e.g. word reading, colour naming - are habit patterns, are triggered by cues in the environment
According to Norman & Shallice, what is contention schedueling?
prioritises schemas based on their strength - e.g. word reading stronger than colour naming
According to Norman and Shallice, what is the supervisory attentional system (SAS)?
fully conscious control, involved in situations where routine control is insufficient (e.g. name the colour, not the word)
Where is the supervisory attentional system likely to be located?
prefrontal cortex
Damage to the SAS could result in 3 things…?
- utilisation behaviour
- dysexecuative behaviour
- difficulty in novel situations
What were the four functions in the executive system that Baddeley suggested?
- ability to focus
- ability to divide attention
- ability to switch attention
- ability to relate the content of working memory to LTM
What were the three functions in the executive functioning system that Miyake came up with?
- inhibition function
- shifting function
- updating function
What are the strengths of the Central Executive function?
evidence that inhibition, updating, shifting and dual-task co-ordination may be four major executive processes
What are limitations of the Central Executive function?
notion of a single ‘dysexecutive syndrome’ is misleading
What do short-term memory tasks compose of?
domain specific - e.g. digit span, verbal memory
What do working memory tasks involve?
trying to maintain info in active memory whilst simulataneously performng distracting activities e.g. operation span task
