Lecture 8 Flashcards
____ to drugs of abuse develop through ____ ____ ____ – The body naturally tries to maintain homeostasis, and it’s opposite to the effect of the drug (UR), thus attempting to minimize effect of the drug
Tolerance; automatic compensatory responses
In the case of tolerance to addictive drugs:
- Unconditioned stimulus: ____
- Unconditioned response: ____ mechanisms in opposition to the drug’s effects
- Neutral stimuli: specific place or people that are repeatedly present during drug taking/ the injection process itself
drug; homeostatic
____ is a brain region that lies below the ____ ____ in the back of the head
- Responsible for the regulation and coordination of complex ____ ____ ____, including ____ ____ of motor-reflex responses
Cerebellum; cerebral cortex; voluntary muscular movement; classical conditioning
4 areas of the cerebellar cortex include…
Dentate nucleus, emboliform nucleus, interpositus nucleus (can be further broken down into globose nucleus and fastigil nucleus)
Three layers of the cerebellar cortex
Molecular layer, purkinje cell layer, granular layer
The ____ layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex has two types of interneurons: ____ cells and ____ cells, and has dendrites of ____ cells
Molecular; stellate; basket; purkinje
The ____ ____ layer of the cerebellar cortex is in the middle, and it’s where ____ ____ bodies reside
Purkinje cell; purkinje cell
The ____ layer of the cerebellar cortex is the innermost layer, and it hosts 2 types of cells: ____ ____ bodies, ____ (____ cells)
granule; granule cell; interneurons; golgi
The somas of the Purkinje cell are located in ____ ____ layer, and dendrites in ____ layer. These cells has large branching but planar ____ which receives ____ synaptic inputs than any other neuron. They are also ____ergic.
Purkinje cell; molecular; dendrites; more; GABA
The somas of the granule cell are located in ____ layer, with dendrites in ____ layer as well (though very few.) They are also ____ergic.
Granule; granule; glutamat
____ ____ are ____ ____ axons projecting to the ____ layer, which split into 2 branches running in ____ directions that makes its distinct “T” appearance.
Parallel fibers; granule cell; molecular; opposite
Two external imputs to the cerebellar cortex are:
Climbing fibers and mossy fibers
____ fibers are ____ergic inputs to the cerebellar cortex projecting from ____ ____ (brainstem). They synapse on ____ ____ dendrites, and contact 1-10 of those cells.
Climbing; glutamat; inferior olive; purkinje cell
____ fibers are ____ergic inputs to the cerebellar coetex projecting from ____ ____ (brainstem). They contact ____ cells, and forms a full “____” pathway (connects three major structures of the brain)
mossy; glutamat; pontine nuclei; granule; corticopontocerebellar
In the ____ ____ circuitry, info coming in from the ____ gets routed to level ____ of the ____ ____ cortex, gets pinged between levels, then gets routed to ____ areas through level ____. Info gets back to the ____ from level ____.
canonical cortical; thalamus; 4; primary sensory; subcortical; 5; thalamus; 6
____ cells are the primary output of the cerebellar coetex, which project to ____ ____ nuclei –> ____ –> ____ ____
purkinje; deep cerebellar; thalamus; cerebral cortex
The anatomical loop:
1. ____ cortex
2. ____ nucleus
3. ____
4. ____ ____ nuclei
5. ____
6. ____ cortex
cerebellar; pontine; cerebellum; deep cerebellar; thalamus; cerebral cortex
Cerebellar circuits for conditioning (p1):
____ ____ receives input from a variety of cortical areas (including ____ cortex), and ____ fiber pathway from the structure to ____ cells in cerebellar coetex also sends ____ to ____ nucleus (____ ____ nucleus)
pontine nuclei; auditory; mossy; granule; collaterals; interpositus; deep cerebellar
Cerebellar circuits for conditioning (p2):
____ ____ receives sensory input from the ____ nucleus (a cranial nerve nuclei), and ____ fiber pathway from the structure to ____ cells in cerebellar cortex also sends collaterals to ____ nucleus (____ ____ nucleus)
Inferior olive; trigeminal; climbing; purkinje; interpositus; deep cerebellar
In cerebellar circuits for conditioning, CS and US meet at both ____ cells and the ____ nuclei, which are possible sites to store CS-US associations
purkinje; interpositus
____ cells have high mean firing rates, even when nothing is happening. In response to tone CS, they ____ their firing rate, which is believed to be a result of ____-____ ____ at ____ fiber synapses onto these cells.
Purkinje; decrease; long-term depression; parallel
For ____ nucleus activity, lack of response to US only trial indicates it’s not responsible for URs, but strong response following training indicates responsibility for CRs
Interpositus
Following training, tehre is a ____ in inhibition from ____ cells, and neurons in the ____ nucleus develop an ____ in activity in response to the CS
decrease; purkinje; interpositus; increase
____ nucleus activity is predicting the ____ based on the presentation of the ____, and that prediction gets sent out to elicit the ____
interpositus; US; CS; CR
Specific region of ____ ____ that responds to a specific tone (____) can be identified through ____ ____, while specific region of ____ ____ responds to airpuff (____).
Therefore, we can use electrical stimulation in ____ ____ to mimic the CS and electrical stimulation in ____ ____ to mimic the US, and can pair stimulation in ____ ____ with stimulation in ____ ____ without any actual CS or US
pontine nuclei; CS; functional differentiation; inferior olive; US
pontine nuclei; inferior olive; pontine nuclei; inferior olive
____ ____ sends collateral to the ____ ____ (prediction of the ____ based on presence of ____), and the ____ ____ also receives information about the actual presence of the ____. The discrepancy between animal’s expectation of the US and whether the US actually occured is called ____ ____
interpositus; inferior olive; US; CS; inferior olive; US; Prediction error
