Lecture 11&12

Question 1

____ is the transfer of past learning to novel events and problems

Answer 1

Generalization

Question 2

____ ____ is the process by which animals or people learn to respond differently to different stimuli

Answer 2

Discrimination learning

Question 3

____ ____ is the process by which we learn about new categories of entities in the world, usually based on common features

Answer 3

Concept formation

Question 4

____ ____ is a curve showing how changes in the physical properties of stimuli correspond to changes in responding.
– (shows that an animal’s response changes in a graded fashion depending on the degree of similarity between a test stimulus and the original training stimulus)

Answer 4

Generalization gradient

Question 5

After training in which a single stimulus has been reinforced repeatedly, ____ ____ show a peak that corresponds to the original stimulus on which the animal was trained

Answer 5

Generalization gradient

Question 6

____ ____ is a set of stimuli in the world that share the same consequence as a stimulus whose consequence is already known

Answer 6

Consequential region

Question 7

____ ____ is the form in which information about stimuli is encoded within a model or brain

Answer 7

Stimulus representation

Question 8

____-____ ____ is a representation in which each individual stimulus (or stimulus feature) corresponds to one element (node) in the model

Answer 8

Discrite-component representation

Question 9

The ____-____ network gives no response to an adjacent stimulus and only responds to the trained stimulus, which fails to show a smooth ____ ____ like that shown by the pigeons.

Answer 9

discrete-component; generalization gradient

Question 10

____ ____ is a representation in which information is coded as a pattern of activation distributed across many different nodes

Answer 10

Distributed representation

Question 11

____ ____ is the influence of cues in the world on an organism’s behavior

Answer 11

Stimulus control

Question 12

____ ____ is a paradigm where two stimuli in an experiment differ within a single dimension (only 1 aspect is different)

Answer 12

Interdimensional discrimination

Question 13

When animals learn to discriminate between stimuli that differ across multiple dimensions (those having more than 1 different aspects), it is known as ____ ____

Answer 13

extradimensional discrimination

Question 14

____ ____ ____ is a type of training procedure in which a difficult discrimination is learned by starting with an easy version of the task and proceeding to incrementally harder versions as the easier ones are mastered

Answer 14

Errorless discrimination learning

Question 15

____ ____ is training in which presentation of 2 stimuli together as a compound results in a later tendency to generalize what is known about one of these stimuli to the other, and is usually tested in 3 phases

Answer 15

sensory preconditioning

Question 16

____-____ ____ in sensory preconditioning results from association created between the two stimulus presented together in phase 1, leading the animal to behave the same way when stimulus is presented alone in preceding phases

Answer 16

outcome-based generalization

Question 17

____ ____ is a learning and generalization paradigm in which prior training in stimulus equivalence increases the amount of generalization between two stimuli, even if those stimuli are superficially dissimilar

Answer 17

Acquired equivalence

Question 18

____ ____ is a behavioral paradigm in which the appropriate response to individual cues is positive, whereas the appropriate response to their combination (pattern) is negative (no response)

Answer 18

negative patterning

Question 19

When training, the ____ ____ task can be mastered by many animals, including humans

Answer 19

negative patterning

Question 20

____ ____ is the spatial arrangement of where sounds of different frequency are processed – tones ____ to each other in frequency are presented in neighboring regions, and there is also a low to high frequency gradient from one end to the other in the ____ ____ cortex

Answer 20

tonotopic representation; close; primary auditory

Question 21

Richard Thompson’s evidence of ____ ____ role in generalization:
Animals that has the structure lesioned can still respond appropriately to a ____ auditory stimulus, but it results in animals responding to ALL frequencies, which suggests ____ (flat generalization gradient)

Answer 21

primary cortex; conditioned; overgeneralization

Question 22

In the cerebellar circuits for conditioning, ____ ____ received input from a variety of cortical areas, including ____ cortex

Answer 22

pontine nuclei; auditory

Question 23

In the cerebellar circuits for conditioning, ____ fiber pathway from pontine nuclei to ____ cells in ____ cortex also sends collaterals to ____ nucleus

Answer 23

mossy; granule; cerebellar; interpositus

Question 24

The Anatomical Loop:
1. ____ cortex (receives sensory info)
2. ____ nucleus
3. ____
4. ____ ____ ____
5. ____
6. ____ cortex

Answer 24

1. auditory
2. pontine
3. cerebellum
4. deep cerebellar nuclei
5. thalamus
6. auditory

Question 25

____ ____ is the phenomenon that after training, the response of an auditory cortex neuron changed from being most responsive to one Hz tone to most responsive to tones nearer to the training frequency

Answer 25

Cortical remapping

Question 26

____ ____ is a small group os neurons located in the basal ganglia forebrain that delivers acetylcholine to the cortex

Answer 26

nucleus basalis

Question 27

____ is a neurotransmitter important for cortical plasticity

Answer 27

Acetylcholine

Question 28

Tone paired with ____ ____ (brain structure) electrical stimulation (rather than shock) results in tone remapping

Answer 28

nucleus basalis

Question 29

If ____ is lesioned, then no association can be learned in a compound stimuli

Answer 29

hippocampus