Lecture 16-17: Working memory (TBC) Flashcards
____ ____ is the active and temporary representation of information that is maintained for the short term, available for manipulation.
Working memory
____ ____ is the manipulation and application of ____ memory for planning, task switching, attention paying, stimulus selection, and the inhibition of inappropriate reflective behaviors
Cognitive control; working
3 main distinctions among different types of memory: ____-____ memory, ____-____ memory, and ____ memory
long-term; short-term; transient
__ __ __ (abb.) are permanent or near-permanent storage of memory that lasts beyond a period of conscious attention, while __ __ __ (abb.) are temporary memory that is maintained through active rehearsal
LTM; STM
____ ____ are nonpermanent memory that lasts seconds to minutes. In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, this is the equivalent to ____ memory
transient memory; sensory
____ ____ propsosed an influential model of working memory that includes 2 independent short-term memory buffers: __-__ ____ and ____ ____, which both consists of the ____ process of working memory, and are controlled by a ____ ____ responsible for ____ of these information.
Alan Baddeley; visuo-spatial sketchpad; phonological loop; maintenance; centural executive; manipulation
____-____ ____ is the tendency for a person to remember fewer words from a list as the length of the workds increases.
word-length effect
The ____ ____-__-____ (DNMS) task is a test of ____ memory that involves remmebering some object seen at the trial’s start, then the subject need to pick out the choice different from the one presented.
delayed nonmatch-to-sample; visual
____ ____ is the manipulation of working memory that allows for the exercise of various aspects of higher-order cognition, including reasoning, task flexibility, problem solving, and planning.
Cognitive control
(also known as executive control or executive function)
The central executive in Baddeley’s model is responsible for updating ____ memory by receiving and evaluating ____ information, moving items into and retrieving them from __ __ __ (abb.), and deciding which memories are neede for which tasks.
working; sensory; LTM
In a ____-____ working memory task, participants are presented with several card with corresponding number of images on them but in random ordering, and need to pick out the image they haven’t chosen in previous trials
self-ordered
Evidence for cognitive control are found in many behaviors, including…(4)
- Controlled updating of STM buffers
- Goal-setting and planning
- Task switching
- Stimulus attention and response inhibition
which tests can be used to test controlled updating of STM buffers?
N-back task (need to identify if the same option appeared 2 trials before), self-ordered search
Which test can be used to test goal-setting and planning?
Tower of Hanoi (need to move all disks from leftmost mog to rightmost peg, only moving one disk at a time and cannot place a larger disk on a smaller one)
Which test can be used to test task switching?
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (first sort by color of cards, then sort by shape)
Which test can be used to test stimulus attention and response inhibition
Stroop task (recite the colors that the word are printed in without being distracted by what the words say)
Which test can be used to test nonverbal intelligence?
Raven’s progressive matrix test (like the pattern fitting portion in IQ tests)
Studies of animals and humans implicate the frontal lobe, especially the ____ ____ (most anterior section) as being critical for ____ memory and ____ ____
prefrontal cortex (PFC); working; executive control (cognitive control)
____ ____ is a condition where the ability to think and plan is disrupted due to damage to the ____ ____
dysexecutive syndrome; frontal lobe
____ is a failure to learn a new response, especially as demonstrated by continued adherence to an old response rule that is no longer valid. This happens with patients with ____ ____ damage.
Perseveration; frontal lobe
The primate prefrontal cortex can be divided into 3 main regions…
orbital, medial, lateral
The lateral prefrontal cortex can be divided into two areas: ____ prefrontal cortex (DLFPC) which consititutes the left and right sides of the topmost part of the PFC, and the ____ prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) which includes the lower left and right sides of the PFC
dorsolateral; ventrolateral
The ____ cortex is located on the ventral surface of the ____ cortex, and is involved in learning to predict the outcomes of behavior (the __-> __ association in operant conditioning) and receives inputs conveying all ____ modalities + visceral ones. Its outputs travel to various brain areas including the ____ where they can help determine which ____ responses to be executed.
Orbitofrontal; prefrontal; [R->O]; sensory; striatum; motor
The ____ prefrontal cortex supports encoding and retrieval of information, and upholds the maintenance functions as proposed by Baddeley (vsp sketchpad&phono loop). The ____ prefrontal cortex suports higher-order executive-control functions such as monitoring and manipulating of stored information, thuse doing the job of Baddeley’s ____ ____.
*bonus: Who proposed this finding?
ventrolateral; dorsolateral; central executive
Bonus: Michael Petrides
Study of frontal brain activity during working memory tasks in monkeys showed that there was a ____ firing during the ____ period in between the cue and response, potentially holding the information of the ____ of the cue online during its passage.
increased; delayed; location
single neuron recording of prefrontal cortex during working memory tasks in monkeys found that prefrontal cortical neurons hold specific info in ____ memory by maintaining ____ firing rates until that information is needed
working; elevated/increased
Event-related fMRI studies in humans sugest that persistent activity in the ____ (abb.) during the retention interval of delayed-response tasks
DLPFC
Pastelkova et al. recorded CA1 cells durign delayed alternation task. They found that during the delay, activity was ____ passed to different cells, suggesting it may be a mechanism for ____ info.
sequentially; maintaining
Michael Petrides and colleagues found that the ____ (abb.) support the actively controlled encoding and retrieval of info, where as the ____ supports higher-order cognitive control functions.
VLPFC; DLPFC
During functional imaging studies, Petrides and colleagues found that when the items to be monitored were abstract designs, the self-ordered tasks produced significant activity in the ____ (abb.) predominantly in the ____ hemisphere. When the items consisted of verbal material, the activity was more intense in the ____ hemisphere, although strong activity occurred in both sides of the ____ (abb.)
DLPFC; right; left; DLPFC
in betweens are too theoretical I might just revisit it when I’m in the mood
got it
People diagnosed with ____ display distuptions in both cognition and memory, especially in ____ memory and ____ ____. Although they display close to normal performance on ____ or ____ tasks, they are especially impaired at the ____ memory versions of those tasks when they involve the manipulation or updating of information in the ____ memory.
schizophrenia; working; cognitive control; phonological; visuospatial; working; working
Schizophrenia patients are often unable to use the ____ (abb.) in executive working-memory tasks, but they engage more with ____ (abb.)
DLPFC; VLPFC
