Lecture 19: Social learning Flashcards
____ ____ refers to situations in which an individual actively monitors events or other phenomena involving other individuals and then chooses later actions based on those observations
Social learning
____ consists of replicating what one observes another doing, as exampled in Albert Bandura and his colleagues’ ____ ____ experiment
copying; bobo doll (children watched aggressive adults hit the doll, then went on to hit the doll themselves)
In Bandura’s experiment, despite the fact that the children had never been reinforced nore punished for performing such actions they still does what the adults did to the doll. Bandura called these demonstrations ____
modeling
____ ____ ____ is a theory of human behavior proposing that the kinds of reinforcements an individual has experienced in past social contexts will determine how that individual will act in any future situation. According to Bandura, ____ gain info about whether a particular action will be rewarded or punished by witnessing the outcomes of a ____’s actions
social learning theory; observers; model’s
Trace of social learning theory
1. Anticipated ____ (O)
2. Attention
3. ____act (SD)
4. ____ coding, ____ appraisal, ____
5. Copied act (__)
- reinforcement
- observed
- symbolic; cognitive; rehearsal
- R
4 basic processes to explain how people copy what they see as proposed by Bandura:
1. The presence of a ____
2. ____ for the observed situation must be stored in an ____ format so that they can guide later actions
3. The ____ must have the ability to ____ the action
4. The ____ must have some ____ for doing observed actions
- model
- memories; accessible
- observer; reproduce
- observers; motivations
____ ____ is copying that involves reproducing motor acts, while ____ is copying that involves replicating an outcome without replicating specific motor skills (and is seen to be a ____ sophisticated version)
true imitation; emulation; less
In the two-action test of true imitation, how did the children and chimpanzees perform?
Children made more true immitations than chimpanzees (employed technique was the same with observed versions, but chimpanzees sometimes go to the in-between)
____ ____, or imagining oneself in the place of another, is another cognitive ability that some researchers have suggested is a ____ for voluntary copying of actions
Perspective taking; prerequisite
2 examples of social transmission of tool use in animals
- moss-sponging in chimpanzees – In a matter of days, 7 other individuals fabricated their own sponges, in which 6 of them had been observers when another individual fabricated one, and the 7th have found a sponge used by another individual and used it
- sponge use for sea-floor foraging in dolphins – tend to forage alone, and usually a mother-offspring transfer of skill. They also tend to spend time with other dolphins that use this skill
____ ____ is an inborn tendency to react emotionally to visual or acoustic stimuli that indicate an emotional response by other members of one’s species, typically in ways that replicate the observed response
Emotional contagion
____ ____ is a process in which an individual learns an emotional response after observing similar responses in others
Observational conditioning
Through ____ ____ in blackbirds, experimenters are able to condition the bottle to be a CS that elicits the CR of attack in the observer blackbird.
Observational conditioning
____ ____ is a process in which observations of other individuals draw an organism’s attention toward specific objects, events, or locations within an environment. It ____ the likelihood that an individual will be exposed to particular stimuli and their associated consequences
Stimulus enhancement; increases
Speech imitation is a type of ____ ____ which copies the pushing of air through vocal membranes to re-create some properties of a previously experienced sound. Mostly found in ____
vocal immitation; birds
____ ____ is learning to vocalize by adjusting one’s own sound production based on sounds one has heard.
Vocal learning
____ ____ of ____ ____ is a model of song learning that has three basic phases
1. song ____
2. song ____
3. song ____
template model of song learning
1. memorization
2. practices
3. utilization
____ ____ ____ ____ is a process in which an individual directly or indirectly communicates info that may affect the future actions of group members. It is seen in all human cultures, and can lead to ____ ____ (but often may not)
social transmission of information; social learning
In the social transmission of food preferences by rats, after the ____ rat came back with cinnamon flavored food and meet with the ____ rat, the ____ rat will favor the food that has the same smnell over other strongly flavored food.
demonstrator; observer
____ ____ is the tendency to adopt the behavior of the group.
Social conformity
____-____ ____ is the proposal that memories for actions are stored in specialized cortical regions that map observed actions onto the motor representations of the actions
Direct-matching hypothesis
____ ____ are neurons that fire the same way when an individual performs an action as they do during observations of that action.
Mirror neurons
If an observer rat see a demonstrator get chocked and experience pain, neurons in the observer’s ____ ____ ____ respond strongly. The same happens if it get shocked itself. Control condition demonstrates that the neurons are not responding to ____, which the observer rat may have experienced in both of the previous conditions.
anterior cingulate cortex; fear
