Lecture 13&14 Flashcards
Declarative memory
____ memories can typically be verbalized or explicitly communicated in some other way, while ____ memory cannot be verbalized and are not always consciously accessible
Declarative; nondeclarative
A few types of nondeclarative memories include ____, ____, ____, and ____
procedural; nonassociative; conditioning; priming
In declarative memory, ____ memory are fir personal experiences, while ____ memory are for facts and concepts or general knowledge, including general personal info
episodic; semantic
____ memory can be strengthened by repetition, but ____ memory can be weakened by repeated exposure to similar events
semantic; episodic
Evidence of semantic memory in nonhumans: Radial arm maze
- Rats are allowed to explore the maze until they find the food at the end of one of the arms. After many trials, the rat will eventually learn to run straight to the goal arm, which indicates the rat has semantic memory for where the food is located in the maze, even if they are starting from a different arm
Gorillas seem to remember specific ____ events, and they can flexibly communicate information about these events to human testers
autobiographical
First, scrub jays are allowed to cache worms and nuts. After 4 hours, they generally search in the locations that they cached ____ rather than the locations where they cached ____, but the trend ____ when the scrub jays are back after 5 days, suggest that they can track time and know food status. This demonstrates an ____-like memory in birds
worms; nuts; reversed; episodic
3 basic stages of declarative memory: ____, ____, ____
encoding; storage (consolidation), retrieval
When encoding new memories, mere ____ to info doesn’t guarantee memory, memory is ____ for info that relates to prior knowledge, and ____ processing at encoding improves recall.
exposure; better; deeper
An experimenter read a paragraph aloud to participants. Participants were either informed of the topic before or after hearing the paragraph, or not informed of the topic. What were the results?
Hearing the topic before the info resulted in a greater number of ideas from the paragraph being remembered
____-____-____ effect suggests that deeper processing leads to better recall of the information than shallow processing.
levels-of-processing
The ____ ____ effect states that retrieval is more likely to be successful if the conditions at recall are similar to those that occured at encoding
encoding specificity
____ ____ is a test that involves simply generating requested information from memory with no cues, ____ ____ is one that involves some kind of prompt or cue to aid recall, and ____ is a test that involves picking out (or recognizing) a studied item from a set of options.
Free recall; Cued recall; recognition
Two kinds of forgetting:
____ forgetting occurs as a function of time and older information is more likely to be forgotten than more recently acquired information, and ____ forgetting occurs when we intentionally try to suppress memory
passive; directed
____ ____ is a time window during which new memories are vulnerable and easily lost – affects both ____ and ____ memories
consolidation period; semantic; episodic
____ ____ (ECT) is a technique where electricall current is applied directly to a patient’s brain in order to relieve certain mental disorders
Electroconvulsive therapy
Depressed patients show a forgetting curve ____ to that of nondepressed subjects before undergoing ____ (abv.). Following it, depressed patients display a selective loss of ____ memories, while older memoties remain intact, suggesting that recent memories did not have sufficient time to be adequately consolidated
similar; ECT; recent
____ is the process that an old memory is recalled or reactivated, when it can become vulnerable again
reconsolidation
____ is the reduction in the strength of a memory due to overlap with the content of other memories
interference
____ interference is old interupting with new, and ____ interference is new interupting with old
proactive; retroactive
____ phase in the radial arm water maze is when rat starts at the end of one of the arms, swims to the center and finds another open arm which has an escape platform. After that, the rat relaxes in the ____ phase. Then, at ____ phase, rat starts again at the end of a different arm and needs to remember which arm contain the escape platform.
sample; delay; test
In the ratial arm water maze, it is shown that the longer the delay between the ____ and ____, the greater number of errors happen. This demonstrates ____ forgetting.
sample; test; passive
In the ratial arm water maze, it is shown that short duration of time between test sessions results in ____ interference, and new learning is disrupted by stored info.
proactive
Ketamine is an ____ of the ____ glutamate receptor. Giving higher dosage of ketamine to rats undergoing water maze leads to ____ errors when administered before ____ and ____ phases, while giving it after the ____ phase had no impact.
antagonist; NMDA; more; sample; test; sample
____ is the physical instantiation in the brain that forms the basis of a memory
engram
Patient H.M. suffered from severe ____, and as a treatment he had his ____ ____ ____ removed from his brain.
epilepsy; medial temporal lobes
The medial temporal lobes typically includes several brain structures: ____, ____ cortex, ____ cortex, ____ cortex, and the ____
hippocampus; entorhinal; perirhinal; parahippocampal; amygdala
Subregions of the hippocampus include ____ ____, __ __ (____ ____) 1, __ __ 3, and ____
dentate gyrus; CA (cornu ammonis); CA; subiculum
The spatial layout of neurons in the ____ and the ____ is in reverse.
cortex; hippocampus
Intra-hipppocampal unidirectional connectivity:
1. ____ ____
2. __ __ 3
3. __ __ 1
4. ____
dentate gyrus; CA; CA; subiculum
Entorhinal cortex layer 2 projects to ____ ____ and __ __ 3 in the ____, while layer 3 projects to __ __ 1 and ____.
dentate gyrus; CA; CA; subiculum
__ __ 1 and ____ project to layers __ and __ of the ____ cortex.
CA; subiculum; 5;6; entorhinal
After lesion of the medial temporal lobes, patient H.M. lost his ability to form new ____ for facts and events. This is an example of ____ amnesia. However, his ____ memory stays intact.
memory; anterograde; procedural
____ ____ theory states that the hippocampus and related medial temporal lobe structures are required for the initial storage and retrieval of an ____ memory, but that their contribution diminishes over time until the cortex is capable of retrieving the memory without hippocampal help.
standard consolidation; episodic
____ ____ is the firing rate of neurons represented as a function of space in a cognitive map
spatial ratemap
In a cognitive map, small area of increased activity is called a ____ ____, and a neuron with this type of spatial coding is called a ____ cell
place field; place
____ ____ is the spatial arrangement of where sounds of different frequency are processed
Tonotopic representation
____ ____ ____ (REM) sleep is a phase of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under closed lids, while ____-____ sleep is a category of sleep that includes both light sleep and slow-wave sleep.
rapid eye movement; non-rem
____-____ sleep (SWS) is a phase of sleep characterized by large, slow oscillations in the brain that are highly synchronized over wide brain areas.
slow-wave
In the ____ during ____-____ sleep, networks of neurons that were active during the day become active again, seeming to rapidly and spontaneously “replay” activity patterns that they experienced during the day, and many researchers suggested it’s an important mechanism for ____ ____
hippocampus; slow-wave; memory consolidation
