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BRAIN AND COGNITION > LECTURE 8 > Flashcards

LECTURE 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is orthography?

A

The study of word letters and spelling.

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2
Q

What is phonology?

A

The study of word sounds and parts of words.

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3
Q

What is semantics?

A

The meaning conveyed by words, phrases, and sentences.

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4
Q

What is the lexicon?

A

The vocabulary and knowledge of a language.

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5
Q

What is prosody?

A

The rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech, providing information beyond literal word meaning.

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6
Q

What is syntax?

A

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences.

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7
Q

What is morphology?

A

The study of the internal structure of words.

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8
Q

What is discourse?

A

Areas of written, spoken, or signed communication, whether formal (debates) or informal (conversations).

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9
Q

What are the six types of grammar?

A

Descriptive, pedagogical, reference, traditional, theoretical, and prescriptive grammar.

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10
Q

What is descriptive grammar?

A

Describes how language is used without judgment.

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11
Q

What is prescriptive grammar?

A

Lays down rules for socially correct use of grammar.

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12
Q

What is the Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) structure?

A

The typical word order in English sentences (e.g., “I give a lecture”).

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13
Q

What is semantics in language?

A

The study of meaning in language, including words, concepts, and sentences.

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14
Q

How can the meaning of “mean” vary?

A

It can indicate purpose, importance, reference, or convey symbolic relationships.

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15
Q

What is categorical perception in speech?

A

Sounds are classified as distinct phonemes, even when intermediate sounds exist.

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16
Q

What is the McGurk effect?

A

A phenomenon where visual cues (e.g., lip movements) alter speech perception.

17
Q

What is the phonemic restoration effect?

A

The brain fills in missing phonemes masked by noise, based on context.

18
Q

What is the Ganong effect?

A

Ambiguous sounds are biased toward forming real words instead of non-words.

19
Q

What is orthographic transparency?

A

The consistency of spelling-to-sound relationships in a language.

20
Q

How does English compare to German in transparency?\

A

English is less transparent, with inconsistent spelling and pronunciation rules.

21
Q

What is the word superiority effect (WSE)?

A

People recognize letters more easily when they are part of real words than when isolated or in non-words.

22
Q

What did McClelland & Rumelhart propose about word recognition?

A

An interactive model where top-down and bottom-up processes combine to recognize words.

23
Q

What is coarticulation in speech perception?

A

Phonemes’ pronunciations depend on preceding and following phonemes.

24
Q

What is energetic masking?

A

Difficulty perceiving speech due to background noise.

25
Q

What is prosody’s role in speech perception?

A

It helps understand sentence meaning and speaker emotion through rhythm and stress.

26
Q

How do listeners use speaker variability?

A

They adapt to accents or speech patterns to interpret the speech signal.

27
Q

What is the hierarchical approach to segmentation?

A

Listeners use lexical, syntax, and word knowledge cues, followed by segmental and prosodic cues.

28
Q

What are saccades in reading?

A

Rapid eye movements between fixations during reading.

29
Q

What did Rayner et al. (2006) find about letter order in reading?

A

Readers could process jumbled words as long as initial and final letters were intact.

30
Q

How does context influence reading?

A

Context provides strong priors for word identity, reducing reliance on individual letters.

31
Q

What did Cattell (1886) discover about reading?

A

Reading connected words is faster than reading isolated letters.

32
Q

What are graphemes and phonemes?

A

Graphemes represent written symbols, while phonemes represent sounds.

33
Q

How do we read non-transparent languages?

A

By fixating toward the center of words to maximize information intake.

34
Q

What is Rumelhart’s interactive activation model?

A

A model that combines top-down and bottom-up processes to explain letter and word recognition.

35
Q

What is the main limitation of Rumelhart’s model?

A

It focuses on four-letter words and ignores meaning and phonological processing.

36
Q

How does orthography affect phonology? I

A

In transparent languages, orthography closely corresponds to phonology, unlike in English.

37
Q

How does eye-tracking reveal reading strategies?

A

It shows initial fixations are closer to the word center rather than sequentially targeting letters.

38
Q

How does context aid the brain’s “hypothesis testing”?

A

Readers predict words based on syntactic/semantic context and confirm through visual input.

BRAIN AND COGNITION (10 decks)

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