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BRAIN AND COGNITION > LECTURE 1- HUMAN COGNITION > Flashcards

LECTURE 1- HUMAN COGNITION Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

Understanding human cognition through observation of behaviour during performance on cognitive tasks

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2
Q

What is cognitive neuropsychology

A

Studying brain damaged patients to understand human cognition in general

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3
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience

A

Using behaviour and the brain to understand human cognition

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4
Q

What is computational cognitive science

A

Using computational models to understand cognition

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5
Q

What is one example of how cognitive psychologists investigate the human mind

A

stroop test

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6
Q

what is the information processing approach

A

INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH
- based on assumption that human processing resembles that of computer

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7
Q

What are 3 strengths of cognitive psychology

A

First scientific approach
Led to numerous theories + tasks adopted by other approaches
Very flexible- can be applied to any aspect of cognition

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8
Q

5 limitations of cognitive psychology

A

Most cog tasks are impure lack ecological validity

Indirect evidence of underlying processes

Theories are often vague hard to test

Findings are often paradigm specific

Lack of an overarching theoretical framework

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9
Q

What are the key assumptions of cognitive neuropsych

A

FUNCTIONAL MODULARITY
- independent processing units exhibiting domain specificity

UNIVERSALITY ASSUMP
- organisation of cognitive functions very similar across all individual

ANATOMICAL MODULARITY
-each cognitive module is located in a specific brain region.

SUBTRACTIVITY
- brain damage can only disrupt modules or connections between them; patients do not develop new modules to compensate

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10
Q

WHAT ARE THE FOUR LOBES

A

FRONTAL
TEMPORAL
PARIETAL
OCCIPTAL

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11
Q

What divides the frontal lobe from the parietal

A

CENTRAL SULCUS

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12
Q

What seperates the temporal lobes from the parietal and frontal lobes

A

Lateral fissure

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13
Q

KEANE ET AL 1995 double dissociation test

A

A patient with bilateral occipital lobe lesions (LH) + patient bilateral medial temporal lobe ( HM) showed a double dissociation between visuo-perceptual priming ( impaired in LH and intact in HM) and visual recognition memory ( intact in LH and impaired in HM)

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14
Q

What did Brodmann do

A

Mapped the cell structure+ distribution of the brain
Produced the first accurate map of the brain
52 discret areas

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15
Q

What is network organisation

A

Human brain has complex topology with moderate cost control + efficiency

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16
Q

Bullmore and Sporns (2012)

A

Principle of cost control
- few long distance connections

Principle of efficiency
-ability to integrate information across the brain

17
Q

List some measurement techniques

A

Single unit recordings
ERPS
PET
FMRI
BOLD
MEG
TMS

18
Q

Describe single unit recording

A

Micro- electrode inserted into the brain
records activity from a single neurom
very high temporal+ spatrial resolution

Hubel + Wiesel primary visual cortex

19
Q

Limitations of single unit recording

A

Highly invasive
- requires surgery -damages cells along electrodes path
- spenny
- too narrow to assess most higher cog processes

20
Q

STRENGTHS OF EEG + ERPS

A

Electrical activity on the scalp is recorded during repeated events

Brain waves then segmented and averaged

Excellent temporal res

ERPS provide a detailed continious record of brain activity

21
Q

Limitations EEG + ERPS

A

Limitation spatial resolution; skull+ brain tissue distort electrical fields

Numerous trials required

Hard to study complex cognition bc processes + strategies often change over trials

22
Q

LIMITATIONS OF PET

A

Poor temporal resolution
-detects regional blood flow changes on the order of 30-60s

INVASIVE

23
Q

FMRI TECHNIQUE

A

non invasive measure of brain activity
excellent spatial resolution 1mm
event related fmri emfri

24
Q

Limitations

A

Expensive
Poor temporal
Indirect measure of brain activity
distortions in some brain regions
Constraints on stimuli that can be presented `

25
Q

MEG LIMITATIONS

A

Expensive
Requires ppt to maintain uncomfortable body position long duration
Tech and analysis are new+ complicated

26
Q

TMS LIMITATIONS

A

Effects complex not fully understood

TMS can enhance performance due to compensatory flexibility

Brain area not directly targeted by T,S may also be affected

Limited to brain areas lying beneath the skull+ overlying muscle

27
Q

STRENGTHS OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

A

Combo of techniques offers excellent spatial/temporal resolution

Provides incredibly rich info to add to behavioural measures

Has helped to resolve theoretical controversies

Meta analysis of 10000 studies have clarified brain cog relationships

28
Q

LIMITATIONS COG NEUROSCIENCE

A

Findings over interpreted
brain activation not direct evidence of cog processing

Neuroenchantment exaggerated respect for findings in cog neuroscience

Difficulty relating brain activation to cog processes

Studies underpowered
false positive findings reported

29
Q

What is computational modelling

A

programming computers to model or mimic some aspects of human cognitive functioning

30
Q

What is artifical intelligence

A

Constructing computer systems that produce intelligent outcomes often using very different processes to humans

31
Q

What is cognitive architectures

A

Domain general cognitive models

32
Q

COMPUTATIONAL COG SCIENCE STRENGTHS

A

theoretical assumps spelled out with precisions

empirical support

increased scope taking account of neuroimaging + data + beh

cog architectures provide overarching framework

33
Q

LIMITATIONS COMPUTATIONAL COG SCIENCE

A

Many models fail to make new theoretical predictions

Overfitting = some models explain a given data set fail to generalise to other data sets

De emphasised emotional factors

Models complex harder to understand

34
Q

What is the retina

A

The interface between our mind + the electromagnetic world

35
Q

Where is visual information forwarded

A

Visual info forwarded primarily to visual areas that are located in the back of the brain
Visual info starts being processed
Destruction of neurons in visual areas leads to blindness

36
Q

How does the mind interpret perceptual input

A

Uses rules to interpret perceptual input e.g; Kanisza triangle
Also uses knowledge to modify how we make sense of things

37
Q
A

BRAIN AND COGNITION (10 decks)

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