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BRAIN AND COGNITION > LECTURE 2 > Flashcards

LECTURE 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cells in the brain?

A

Neurons and glial cells.

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2
Q

What percentage of the brain’s cells are neurons?

A

10

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3
Q

What is the main function of glial cells?

A

Support and less direct involvement in information processing.

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4
Q

What do neurons have that is unique to them?

A

Dendritic arbor and a long axon.

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5
Q

What happens at the axon hillock when a neuron depolarizes enough?

A

An action potential is triggered.

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6
Q

What causes depolarization in a neuron?

A

Sodium ions entering through ion channels.

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7
Q

What are nodes of Ranvier?

A

Gaps between myelin sheaths on axons.

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8
Q

What happens at a synapse?

A

Neurotransmitters are released and can excite or inhibit the next neuron.

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9
Q

What are the two main types of visual receptor cells in the retina

A

Cones and rods.

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10
Q

Where are cones mostly located?

A

In the fovea

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11
Q

Where are rods primarily located?

A

In the periphery of the retina.

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12
Q

What is the main function of cones?

A

Color and detail perception.

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13
Q

What is the main function of rods?

A

Vision in dim light.

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14
Q

What is the pathway from the retina to the visual cortex?

A

Retina → Lateral Geniculate Nucleus → Striate Cortex (V1).

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15
Q

What visual function is associated with V4?

A

Color and shape perception.

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16
Q

What is the main function of V5 (MT in humans)?

A

Motion perception.

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17
Q

What is the dorsal stream also known as?

A

The “where” pathway.

18
Q

What is the ventral stream also known as?

A

The “what” pathway.

19
Q

What type of coding does the dorsal stream use?

A

Egocentric (body-centered) coding

20
Q

What type of coding does the ventral stream use?

A

Allocentric (object-centered) coding.

21
Q

What is the Müller–Lyer illusion used to study?

A

The difference between vision-for-perception and vision-for-action system

22
Q

What is stereopsis?

A

Depth perception based on binocular disparity.

23
Q

What does the Ames room demonstrate?

A

The effect of depth cues on perceived size.

24
Q

What is size constancy?

A

Perceived size remains constant despite changes in retinal image size.

25
Q

What is the binding problem?

A

How the brain integrates different visual features into a cohesive perception.

26
Q

What is color constancy?

A

Perceived color remains stable despite changes in lightin

27
Q

What is blindsight?

A

The ability to respond to visual stimuli without conscious awareness.

28
Q

What are the two types of blindsight?

A

Type-1 (no awareness) and Type-2 (some residual awareness).

29
Q

What does the perception-action model explain?

A

The interaction between dorsal and ventral visual streams in tasks.

30
Q

Which cells leave the eye and synapse in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)?

A

Retinal ganglion cells.

31
Q

What is the correct ascending visual hierarchy?

A

Eye > Geniculate Nucleus > Striate Cortex > Extrastriate Cortex.

32
Q

What does the ventral stream process?

A

Vision-for-perception, object-centered coding, and sustained representations.

33
Q

What does the dorsal stream process?

A

Vision-for-action, body-centered coding, and short-lived representations.

34
Q

What is chromatic adaptation?

A

Sensitivity to the light source of a color decreases over time.

35
Q

What does the Retinex theory suggest?

A

Color perception involves comparing light reflected from adjacent surfaces.

36
Q

What does motion parallax describe?

A

Movement in one part of the retinal image relative to another to infer depth

37
Q

How is depth information combined from multiple cues?

A

Through additivity, selection, or weighting of more reliable cues.

38
Q

What is subliminal perception?

A

Ability to process stimuli below conscious awareness.

39
Q

What does the Ebbinghaus illusion demonstrate?

A

Context affects the perceived size of an object.

40
Q

What is the function of retinal ganglion cells?

A

Transmitting signals from cones or rods to the brain.

BRAIN AND COGNITION (10 decks)

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