Lecture 8

Question 1

what is measurement

Answer 1

researcher takes a concept, idea, or construct and develops measure to observe idea empirically

Question 2

What are the two steps of measurement process

Answer 2

1. conceptualization
2. Operationalization

Question 3

What is conceptualization

Answer 3

• refinement of abstract concepts
• conceptual definition
• process of thinking through the various meanings of the concept

Question 4

What is operationalization

Answer 4

• development of specific research procedures that will result in empirical observations
• operational definition

Question 5

why are operational definitions important in research

Answer 5

force us to think carefully and specifically in precise terms
- replication
- measurable

Question 6

what is ethnic identity

Answer 6

• self identification within particular group

Question 7

What is ethnic origin

Answer 7

Classification based on the ethnic group to which the individuals ancestors belong

Question 8

Draw the levels of measurement

Question 9

What are nominal measures

Answer 9

• categorical,
• no clear order
• least precise measurement
• mutually exclusive
• no math

Question 10

What are ordinal level of measurement

Answer 10

• categories and can be ordered meaningfully
• mutually exclusive
• distances between variables not necessarily equal across range

Question 11

What is interval level of measurement

Answer 11

• can be ordered
• actual value between has meaning
• numbers have meaning, but no true zero point - temp

Question 12

What are ratio levels of measurement

Answer 12

• have characteristics of all and
• have an absolute zero point which represents absence of the attribute
• fixed measuring units
  ex: body weight

Question 13

What is reliability

Answer 13

ability of a measuring instrument to produce consistent results under consistent conditions

Question 14

What is test-retest reliability

Answer 14

reliability across time

Question 15

What is inter-rater reliability

Answer 15

independent evaluations conducted by different individuals

Question 16

What is parallel forms reliability

Answer 16

reliability across indicators

Question 17

What is internal consistency

Answer 17

• whether different items on same test correlate

Question 18

how to improve reliability

Answer 18

• conceptualization
• increase level of measurement (ratio instead of ordinal)
• multiple indicators

Question 19

What is validity

Answer 19

“degree of confidence we can place on inferences…. is the scale actually measuring what we think it is”

Question 20

What is construct validity

Answer 20

theoretical concept, theme, idea based on empirical observations. Variable that is not directly measurable. may consist of multiple dimensions

Question 21

What are the two types of construct validity

Answer 21

1. convergent - used for multiple indicators based on idea that indicators of one construct will act alike or converge
2. Discriminant - uses for multiple indicators based on idea that indicators of different constructs diverge

Question 22

Can a test be valid if its not reliable

Answer 22

no
- not reliable = different results every time..

Question 23

What does CFA stand for

Answer 23

confirmatory Factor analysis - “standardize measures”

Question 24

What kind of sampling will you most likely use in qualitative

Answer 24

non-probability

Question 25

What kind of samples will you most likely use in quantitative

Answer 25

probability

Question 26

What are non probability sampling

Answer 26

• participants selected based on relevance to research topic than representativeness
• not good with generalizing

Question 27

Why use non-probability samples

Answer 27

• too costly
• not methodologically viable

Question 28

What are examples of non-probability sampling

Answer 28

• haphazard = convenience
• Quota
• Purposive - selected for reasons linked to research study
• snowball - identify few key individuals and ask to recruit others
• volunteer sampling
• judgement sampling

Question 29

What does target population mean

Answer 29

• concretely specified large group of many cases from which a researcher draws a sample and to which results from a sample are generalized
• pop of interest which inferences desired

Question 30

What does sample mean

Answer 30

Select subset of the target pop

Question 31

What is a sampling unit

Answer 31

a member of the target pop

Question 32

What is a sampling frame

Answer 32

list of all available sampling units in the target pop

Question 33

What is a sampling ratio

Answer 33

The ratio of the size of the sample to the size of the target pop

Question 34

What is probability sampling and 2 primary criteria

Answer 34

• method of sampling allowing inferences to be made on pop based on observations from sample
• avoid selection bias
• generalizable
  1. individuals randomly selected
  2. individuals must have a non-zero chance of being selected

Question 35

What does random mean

Answer 35

• each element in a pop an equal probability of being selected

Question 36

What is SRS and pros cons

Answer 36

ex: lottery draw
advantages - simple to conduct
disadvantages - requires list prior to sampling, expensive

Question 37

What is systematic sampling

Answer 37

• gap or interval between each selection

Question 38

What is stratified sampling

Answer 38

• divide pop into strata
• groups = mutually exclusive and exhaustive
• select random sample from within each group

Question 39

What is cluster sampling

Answer 39

• divide pop into clusters and random sample of there clusters is selected
• typically= researcher cannot get a complete list of members of the pop

Question 40

difference between stratification and clustering

Answer 40

stratification - divide groups different from each other
clustering - divide pop into comparable groups