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207 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is right censoring

A
  • subject leaves before event occurs OR study ends before event occurs
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2
Q

What is left censoring

A
  • event has already occurred before enrolment
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3
Q

What happens if you ignore censoring

A

“overestimate survival rate”
- this bias gets worse when there is more censoring

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4
Q

When to use qualitative research methods

A
  • emphasis on meanings, experiences, and views
  • identify intangible factors
  • focus on process, interpretation, meaning
  • methods more flexible, greater spontaneity and adaptation
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5
Q

What are the qualitative research steps

A
  1. design, plan, collect
  2. code material, identify themes
  3. Analyze material
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6
Q

What is ethnography

A

studies patterns of behaviours, language, and actions of cultural group in a natural setting over prolonged period of time

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7
Q

What is narrative research

A

Combines views from participant’s life

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8
Q

What is phenomenology

A

Describes lived experiences of individuals about a phenomenon

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9
Q

What is grounded theory

A

Using multiple stages of data collection to discover patterns and new theories
1. development of theory from data
2. iterative/recursive approach
- data collection until theoretical saturation

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10
Q

What are case studies

A

In depth analysis of a ‘case’ (program, event, individual, group)

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11
Q

What is theoretical saturation

A

Point at which there is nothing to be gained by collection of new information

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12
Q

What are types of qualitative data collection

A
  1. focus groups discussions
  2. interviews
  3. observation
  4. Visual methods
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13
Q

What are focus groups

A
  • group of individuals selected and assembled by researchers to discuss and comment on, from personal experience, the topic that is the subject of the researcher
  • typically purposive
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14
Q

When to use focus groups

A
  • exploratory or preliminary studies
  • to uncover factors relating to complex behaviour or motivation
  • when you want ideas to emerge from the groups
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15
Q

When not to use focus groups

A
  • detailed probing of behaviour, attitudes, or needs is required
  • subject matter under discussion is confidential or emotionally charged
  • certain strong, socially acceptable norms exist and the need to conform in a group discussion may influence response
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16
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of focus groups

A

advantages
- enable larger sample size
- time and cost efficient
- large amount of data obtained
- participants may feel secure in a group environment
disadvantages
- group think
- summarization and interpretation may be challenging
- subjective responses
- groups can vary considerably
- groups can be difficult to assemble

17
Q

responsibilities of moderator

A
  • clear explanation of purpose
  • guide discussion, probe, steer
  • ensure good time keeping
  • ensure people are relaxed and comfortable
  • avoid showing personal opinion
18
Q

What are interviews

A

researchers pose questions in neutral manner

19
Q

What is an unstructured interview

A

Participant tells story

20
Q

What is a semi-structured interview

A

Specific questions asked, but interviewers are flexible to explore responses

21
Q

What are structured interviews

A

Questions and order predetermined

22
Q

What are advantages of interviews

A
  • flexible and responsive method
  • can explore additional research questions and issues as they arise
  • ability to gain rich and descriptive data
  • most participants will accept
  • ability of follow up research participants for clarification or further exploration if needed
  • decreased distractions
23
Q

What are disadvantages of interviews

A
  • time consuming, expensive
  • difficult to ensure anonymity
  • potential for bias
24
Q

What is observation

A

observer participates in daily life of people under study, either openly or not
- may use multiple observers, teams
- may include multiple observations under varying conditions

25
Q

What are advantages of observation

A
  • data collected in natural environment
  • can produce insights into complex realities
  • context specific
26
Q

What are disadvantages of observation

A
  • context specific
  • demanding method - resources and time
  • observations may vary in reliability
  • representativeness of data
  • may be concerns regarding privacy
27
Q

What are examples of visual methods

A

photo voice - participants take pics relating to research question
- type of Participatory action research - research approach that places collaboration with community partners at its core

28
Q

Disadvantages of large sample sizes

A
  • data repetitive
  • qualitative analysis loses depth
  • increases requiring resources and could cause ethical issues
29
Q

what is saturation

A

point in research where enough data has been collected to show necessary conclusions, any further data collected will not produce value added insights

30
Q

what does iterative mean

A

back and forth, revising and refining process

31
Q

What is looking for patterns

A

looking for patterns, interpreting, confirming, or refuting interpretations

32
Q

What does interpretive mean

A

Need to explore the meaning of the themes and the data in context

33
Q

What makes up trustworthiness

A
  • credibility
  • transferability
  • dependability
  • confirmability
34
Q

What is credibility (internal validity)

A

is the research giving true pic of reality of participants experiences, can you believe results

35
Q

What is transferability (external validity)

A

can the research be transferred to other settings

36
Q

What is dependability (reliability)

A

would results be similar if study repeated? how consistent are data and findings? would it be easy to repeat the research

37
Q

What is confirmability (objectivity)

A
  • ensure researcher acted in good faith
  • has researcher attempted to limit bias
38
Q

What are some strategies to ensure quality researcher

A
  • audit trail
  • reflexivity
  • trianfulation
  • prolonged engagement
  • member checking/peer debriefing
  • presentation of negative/discrepant info

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