Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYC 302 > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

who discovered ngf

A

rita levi montalcini

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the hallmarks of inflammation

A

-heat
-redness
-swelling
-pain
-loss of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

true or false: steroids are inflamatory agents

A

false, they are anti inflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the side effects of steroids

A

-blurred vision
-weight gain
-depression
-bloody stoo;l

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are allogens

A

Algogens are substances that can induce pain when they come into contact with tissues in the body. Some examples of algogens include capsaicin, which is found in spicy foods, and acetic acid, which is found in vinegar. These substances can activate pain receptors in the body, leading to the sensation of pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is one of the main drawbacks of willow bark

A

salicylic acid is rough on the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is aspirin made of

A

acetylsalicyclic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what do nsaid do?

A

they block cox1 and cox2 which usually turn pgh2 into a bunch of things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does cpges and mpges?

A

they make more pge and this acts on mast cells and nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

true or false: nsaids are mid efficacy

A

false they are wuite a slay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is cox 1

A

-constituteky expressed enzyme
-side effects: platelets, stomach, intestine and kidney
-normal cell functions aka housekeeping functins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what happens to cox 2 under nsaids

A

-inducible enzyme
-kills pain and helps marophages
-inflammation, regulation of electrolyte balance and fertility, vasoprotection and cardioprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

true or fase: coxibs are a slay

A

no they are not, they got yeeted out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is another name for acetaminophen

A

paracetamol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sensory transduction can be activated by:

A

-heat
-cold
-touch
-cell lysis
-chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

TRPA1 is for

A

-cinnamon
-horseradish
-garlic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

TRPM8 is for?

A

-mint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

TRPV4 is for

A

BAA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

TRPV3 is for…

A

camphor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

TRPV1 is for

A

spicyyyyyy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is TRPV2 for

A

we dunno

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

who discovered TRPV1

A

david julius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what can activate trpv1

A

a lot of things like capsaicin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

clinical trial of TRPV1 antagonists

A

-they were supposed to block reception
-all had a small fever but it went away
-they all still had to drop it out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
capsaicin analgesia: how does trpv1 agonist kill pain
-it will hurt but then it will be fine -it will overstimulate the ion channels and they will be desensitized
26
what are the channels that are in charge of transduction of mechanical pain
-tacan -piezo which is a big slay
27
who found piezo
ardem ratapoutian
28
what happens to iion channels when there is pain
there is the naK pump -na in and k out -there is always the k+overshoot aka hyperpolarization
29
which channel do you wanna block for analgesic
-wanna block na+ channel -or enhance K+pump
30
what does lidocaine do
-block the local Na channel which means no ap which means numbness
31
what is the mist important mammalian voltage gated sodium channel gene
nav1.7 the others are 1.8 and 1.9
32
what are the inherited disorders of the scn9(nav1.7) gene
-HSAN aka they feel nothing;loss of function mutation -paraxysmal extreme pain disorder aka only in babies and makes red patches on their assesand it also causes pain and erythema';gain of function mutation -primary erythromelalgia causes pain and erythema on hands and feet caused by gain of function mutation
33
true or false: gene expression in the drg changes after nerve injury
true
34
central terminal of primary sensory neuron; thc
THC blocks CB1 which means less release of glutamine
35
central terminal of primary sensory neuron; pregabalin
pregabaline blocks voltage gated calcium channel which means that it will block the release of glutamate because no ca+ means no fusion of the bubbles
36
dorsal horn neuron; morphine
morphine blocks GIRK which means no signal is gonna get transduced
37
dorsal horn neuron; ketamine blocks....
ketamine blocks NMDA, AMPA and mGluR which means no inhibition which means excitTION
38
true or false; pregabalin and gabapentin are antidepressants and how do they work
false they are anticonvulsants they reduce seizures by blocking ay subunit of Ca+ channels
39
how old is opium
we have clay tablets dating back to 5000bc that reference it as the joy plant
40
true or false: heroin is 100% synthetic
false: it is semi synthetic
41
what is the definition of an opiate
They are derived from the opium poppy plant or synthetically produced to mimic the effects of natural opioids. Opiates work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which can result in pain relief, sedation, and a sense of euphoria.
42
what are the three main classes of opiates
-agonists -mixed abonis-antiagonist(buprenorphine, nalbuphine) -antagonis ex: naloxone and naltrexone
43
what are some some example of strong opiate agonists
morphine methadone meperidine
44
what are some examples of moderate opioid agonist
codeine oxycodone
45
what are some examples of weak opioid agonist
propoxyphene and tramadol
46
what exactly does strong/weak of the opioid refer to
the potency of the drug so like how much mg do I need to get the effects
47
descending modulation of pain: stimulation produced analgesia: what was the experiment you can do
you can stimulate a part opf a rats brain so that it is analgesic
48
descending modulation of pain: stimulation produced analgesia: what parts of the brain will cause SPA?
PVG grey matter surrounding ventricules in mid brain
49
which drug will stop SPA
naloxone since it blocks morphine
50
what can cause SPA
morphine and electrical stimulation
51
who found opioid receptors
pert and snyder in 1973
52
who found endogenous opioids like enkephalin
hughes and kosterlitz
53
descending modulation of pain: stress induced analgesioa
it is when your body is so stressed that it produces analgesia
54
which sport causes the most SIA
track
55
can naloxone block SIA
true
56
can the body also enhance pain?
yeah it can, it is called SIH: stress induced hyperalgesia
57
descending inhibition can become descending facilitation if:
-stress is mild -stress is chronic -after injury -after prolonged exposure to opioids
58
what are the opioid receptors
-mu (u) -delta(weird g) -kappa (k)
59
which type of receptors are the opioid receptors
gpcr
60
what is the antagonist of the u receptor
naloxone
61
what is the main opioid receptor
u
62
true or false: opioid receptors are in the brain
false: they are everywhere
63
what is the main amino acid sequence of 3 genes endogenous
-POMC, PENK and PDYN tyr gly gly phe
64
true or false: all endogenous opioids amino sequence starts with tyr gly gly phe
false there are some genes that code for endomorphin 1-2 they code for tyr pro trp phe and try pro phe phe
65
pomp encodes for and binds to
b endorphin u>g -mu (u) -delta(weird g) -kappa (k)
66
penk encodes for and binds to:
leu enkephalin and met enkephalin binds to g>u
67
pdyn encodes for and binds to:
dynorphin A and binds do kappa
68
what are on and off cells?
they are cells that are turned on when there is pain or cells that are turned off when there is pain
69
does acupuncture works
we dunno but we know that acuelectrivity works since it can get blocked by naloxone
70
do antidepressants work for pain?
yeah they do -amitriptyline which is a tricyclic antidepressants -cymbalta which is a cymbalta which is for norepinephrine
71
do we know if canabinoids work for pain
nahhh they don't work
72
what is the share of the strong opioids in the analgesic drug development
29%
73
what is the share of the nsaids in the analgesic drug development
28%
74
what is the amount of money in the analgesic drug development
27 billion
75
what are all the steps for drug development
-phase 0: animal trials -phase1: assess toxicity, evaluate route of administration and determine safe dosage -phase2: evaluate effectiveness of treatment to see if it beats placebo and determine side effects -phase 3: validate the effectiveness of treatment
76
preclinical lenght
6-10 years
77
lenght for clinical
8.5 y
78
approval lenght
1.7 years
79
approval % phase 1
56%
80
approval % phase II
20%
81
approval % phase III
12%
82
approval fda approval
11.6%
83
cost phase 1
11 billions
84
cost phase 2
23 billion
85
cost phase 3
66 billion
86
what are the main reasons drugs are not getting approved
-lack of efficacy -animal toxicity -adverse effects in men
87
what are the meds that ate getting the less being under development
-womens health -oncology -cns
88
what are the meds that ate getting the most being under development
-cardio vascular -opioids -infectuous diseases
89
what is the file drawer problem
basically the studies that did not work will never be published because mostly successful studies get published
90
what is the receptor for substance P
NK1
91
the failure of NK1 antagonists
-they are supposed to block the receptors which was supposed to create an ana;gesic effect -all the trials failed
92
what happened to Prialt
it works through catheters
93
tanezumab
-blocks in periphery; analgesic in spinal cord -antibody that blocks ngf -for osteoarthritis -did not slay and ended up cancelled
94
what are anti cgrp monoclonal antibodies
-such a slay for migraines which are prevented thanks to these drugs -ex: erenumab which is an antibody to cgrp receptors -galcanezumab, fremanezumab and eptinezumab

PSYC 302 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions