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PSYC 302 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

true or false: pain is objective

A

it is subjective

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2
Q

true or false: when things get too complicated we just move up a level in subjectivity

A

true

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3
Q

why are objective measures better than subjective

A

because we can measure things better and we know that muscles don’t lie

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4
Q

what are some experiments that you can measure pain threshold and tolerance

A

-heat pain(thermode)
-cold pressure test
-pressure algometry

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5
Q

why is there pain when a hand is submerged in cold water

A

-pain is caused by the fact that the hand will be ischemic=not enough blood supply=pain

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6
Q

what is time (latency) a proxy for

A

the temperature at which it is painful

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7
Q

what are the main 4 rating scales

A

-verbal pain intensity scale ie. no pain to worst pain possible (VRS)
-visual analogue scale (VAS) looks like that: no pain—-worst pain possible
-0-10 numeric pain intensity scale(numeric rating scale NRS) 0;no pain to 10;worst pain possible
-face scale

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8
Q

why does most rating scales suck?

A
  • the “worst pain imaginable” is not the same for everyone and we can’t really define it, it is more i’d like it to stop rn
    -we all have different scales
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9
Q

why is the VAS better than the NRS

A

because if you do more than one check up, it is harder to remember what we put the pain rating since it is a like

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10
Q

what is wrong with the face scale

A

the 0 no hurt face should be neutral

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10
Q

what is wrong with the face scale

A

the 0 no hurt face should be neutral

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11
Q

true or false: we always imagine the wost pain to be worse than it actually is

A

true

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12
Q

can we really rank pain?

A

-no because the experimental pain and the real pain are just different
-also it depends on how long the pain is

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13
Q

pain=intensity x …

A

time

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14
Q

what’s driving a clinical pain score

A

-ongoing pain
-allodynia
-hyperalgesia
-functioning

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15
Q

what is an example fo rating pain of others

A

-flacc scale babies

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16
Q

why devlelop the facial pain scale

A

-paul ekman
-FACS: facial action coding system

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17
Q

what is the mcgill pain questionary

A

-pain descriptors by intensity
-they use collective adjectives for sensory, affective and evaluative
-they use that to find what is the type of pain they have

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18
Q

true or false: mcgill pain questionnaire works well

A

-false they don’t really work
-works well for inflammatory pain : dull aching and neuropathic: sharp shooting

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19
Q

why is there a need for short form of questionnaires

A

-they take too long so they want smth shorter

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20
Q

is there is neuropathic pain, not prescribe any… drugs

A

anti inflammatory drugs like tylenol

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21
Q

whay do we use oswestry disability index?

A

-how well the pain killers are working

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22
Q

true or false: disability is a pain adjacvent concept

A

true

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23
Q

true or false: pain catastrophizing can make ur pain worse

A

true

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24
Q

what is the equation of catastrophizing

A

rumination+magbification+helplessness

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25
Q

what is the womac questionnaire for?

A

for arthritis pain and diagnosis

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26
Q

true or false: quantitative sensory testting (QST) is not really it rn

A

false
it was really popular at the start of the pain research and rn

27
Q

why is qst is lowkey hard to do

A

BECAUSE it requires really precises equipment

28
Q

qst the german way what happened

A

-the researchers were able to stratif people that had PHNI and PHNII based on qst results

29
Q

what is PHNI

A

peripheral and central sensitization

30
Q

what is PHNII

A

deafferentiation

31
Q

pain testing in muscles: what types can we do

A

-electrical
-chemical
-mechanical

32
Q

why are some biomarkers of pain kinda shitty

A

-they can be influenced by other things
-ex: heart rate, blood pressure. cortisol, ngf
-ex: variants: we are already born with dna variants, it would have to change when in pain vs no pain
-mrna levels: they already change depending on the tissues

33
Q

true or false: fmri can’t be used as a biomarker of pain

A

true
-the same studied happenend twice but they got two differentg results

34
Q

why do we use animals

A

-can conduct causation experiments
-can stimulate/lesion any tissue
-can asssay,record from or extract any tissue
-can give unapproved drugs
-can alter gene expression
-can turn particular types of neurons in particular locations on and off at will
-can control pre exposure
-cheaper,afster, less highly regulated

35
Q

what is a difference in behavior between humans and animals during experiments

A

-no malingering, no stoicism/machismo, no demand characteristics aka they don’t wanna please the experimenter

36
Q

challenges to the use of animals

A

-they are no us
-they don’t talk
-they are prey
-they are a lot tougher than we are
-ethical issues

37
Q

deontological ethics

A

there are things we should not do
-the normatice ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on the actions adherence to a rule or rules

38
Q

consequalist ethics

A

-consequences justify the means
-the normative ethical position holding that the consequences of ones conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness of that conduct

39
Q

name the three thermal assays

A

-hot plate tests
-tail flick test
-hargreaves test

40
Q

hot plate test

A

they put the mouse on a heating plate
-involves the conscience
-waiting until you see that thety are hurt

41
Q

tail flick test

A

reflex
-stick the tail in smth hot

42
Q

hardgreaves test

A

-shine a laser on the rats tail
-we dunno if it is a reflex or a choice

43
Q

what are the mechanical assays

A

-von frey filaments
-randall selitto test

44
Q

von frey filaments

A

-there are filaments that are fragile
-they can apply a certain force before they break
-they wanna see when will the rat will move and be in pain

45
Q

randall selitto test

A

apply pressure to a mouse

46
Q

mechanical assays: indirext

A

weight bearing
-grip force
-gait changes

47
Q

what do you do in chemical assyas

A

-writhing test
-long lasting pain
-they inject bad stuff in a rat
-acetic acid, magnesium sulfate, bradykinin

48
Q

what is the formalin test

A

-chemical assay
-hurt a lot
-then slay
-then ouch
-lasts for an hour

49
Q

tonic/chronic inflammatory assays

A

-inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia
-inflammatory mechanical allodynia
-inflammatory cold allodynia

50
Q

most common inflammatory things

A

-carrageenan
-complete freunds adjuvants
-mustard oil

51
Q

what happens if you have fun with the primary afferent on foot

A

partial damage to nerve supply
-the rats do nothing
-measures: cold allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia

52
Q

what is axotomy

A

complete denervation
-cut sciatic nerve and the saprenous afferent

53
Q

what happens if you do an axotomy

A

they start biting off their toes because theyt are not a part of them anymore

54
Q

axotomy is a good model for?

A

phantom limb pain

55
Q

are animal models of of pain good enough?

A

not really

56
Q

what is the problem with better algesiometric assays

A

they take a long ass time

57
Q

what is vulvodynia

A

allodynia of the vulvar vestibule
-they have a lot of UTIs
-they gave lots of utis to rats to get permanent allodynia

58
Q

what are the three critism of the status quo

A

-reflective vs conditioned measures
-pain affected measures ex: sleep, anxiety and attention
-symptom epidemiology vs dependent measure use

59
Q

what are the conditioning methods to study pain

A

-operant conditioning
-classical pavlovian conditioning

60
Q

operant conditioning

A

-learned escape from pain
-learned analgesic self administration
-motivational conflict: between pain vs food/water

61
Q

classical pavlovian conditioning

A

-conditioned place avoidance like formalin paired chamber or chamber where allodynia is experienced
-conditioned place preference

62
Q

what is motivational conflict between pain and food

A

-they would inject that would cause inflammation and then would cause mechanical and heat allodynia
-so that it would hurt if they would try to reach food

63
Q

classical place preference to analgesia

A

-training place where one side has analgesic and not the other side
-clonidine is the analgesic and the conotoxin would hurt
-they would love the analgesic

64
Q

do mice in chronic pain have anxiety, attention and sleep problems

A

yeah

65
Q

order in which pain is in humans

A

-spontaneous pain
-mechanical hypersensitivity
-thermal hypersensitivity

66
Q

order in which pain is studied in animal models

A

-thermal hypersensitivity
-mechanical hypersensitivity
-spontaneous pain

PSYC 302 (10 decks)

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