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PSYC 302 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

true or false: pain is objective

A

it is subjective

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2
Q

true or false: when things get too complicated we just move up a level in subjectivity

A

true

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3
Q

why are objective measures better than subjective

A

because we can measure things better and we know that muscles don’t lie

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4
Q

what are some experiments that you can measure pain threshold and tolerance

A

-heat pain(thermode)
-cold pressure test
-pressure algometry

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5
Q

why is there pain when a hand is submerged in cold water

A

-pain is caused by the fact that the hand will be ischemic=not enough blood supply=pain

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6
Q

what is time (latency) a proxy for

A

the temperature at which it is painful

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7
Q

what are the main 4 rating scales

A

-verbal pain intensity scale ie. no pain to worst pain possible (VRS)
-visual analogue scale (VAS) looks like that: no pain—-worst pain possible
-0-10 numeric pain intensity scale(numeric rating scale NRS) 0;no pain to 10;worst pain possible
-face scale

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8
Q

why does most rating scales suck?

A
  • the “worst pain imaginable” is not the same for everyone and we can’t really define it, it is more i’d like it to stop rn
    -we all have different scales
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9
Q

why is the VAS better than the NRS

A

because if you do more than one check up, it is harder to remember what we put the pain rating since it is a like

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10
Q

what is wrong with the face scale

A

the 0 no hurt face should be neutral

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10
Q

what is wrong with the face scale

A

the 0 no hurt face should be neutral

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11
Q

true or false: we always imagine the wost pain to be worse than it actually is

A

true

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12
Q

can we really rank pain?

A

-no because the experimental pain and the real pain are just different
-also it depends on how long the pain is

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13
Q

pain=intensity x …

A

time

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14
Q

what’s driving a clinical pain score

A

-ongoing pain
-allodynia
-hyperalgesia
-functioning

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15
Q

what is an example fo rating pain of others

A

-flacc scale babies

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16
Q

why devlelop the facial pain scale

A

-paul ekman
-FACS: facial action coding system

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17
Q

what is the mcgill pain questionary

A

-pain descriptors by intensity
-they use collective adjectives for sensory, affective and evaluative
-they use that to find what is the type of pain they have

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18
Q

true or false: mcgill pain questionnaire works well

A

-false they don’t really work
-works well for inflammatory pain : dull aching and neuropathic: sharp shooting

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19
Q

why is there a need for short form of questionnaires

A

-they take too long so they want smth shorter

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20
Q

is there is neuropathic pain, not prescribe any… drugs

A

anti inflammatory drugs like tylenol

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21
Q

whay do we use oswestry disability index?

A

-how well the pain killers are working

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22
Q

true or false: disability is a pain adjacvent concept

A

true

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23
Q

true or false: pain catastrophizing can make ur pain worse

A

true

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24
what is the equation of catastrophizing
rumination+magbification+helplessness
25
what is the womac questionnaire for?
for arthritis pain and diagnosis
26
true or false: quantitative sensory testting (QST) is not really it rn
false it was really popular at the start of the pain research and rn
27
why is qst is lowkey hard to do
BECAUSE it requires really precises equipment
28
qst the german way what happened
-the researchers were able to stratif people that had PHNI and PHNII based on qst results
29
what is PHNI
peripheral and central sensitization
30
what is PHNII
deafferentiation
31
pain testing in muscles: what types can we do
-electrical -chemical -mechanical
32
why are some biomarkers of pain kinda shitty
-they can be influenced by other things -ex: heart rate, blood pressure. cortisol, ngf -ex: variants: we are already born with dna variants, it would have to change when in pain vs no pain -mrna levels: they already change depending on the tissues
33
true or false: fmri can't be used as a biomarker of pain
true -the same studied happenend twice but they got two differentg results
34
why do we use animals
-can conduct causation experiments -can stimulate/lesion any tissue -can asssay,record from or extract any tissue -can give unapproved drugs -can alter gene expression -can turn particular types of neurons in particular locations on and off at will -can control pre exposure -cheaper,afster, less highly regulated
35
what is a difference in behavior between humans and animals during experiments
-no malingering, no stoicism/machismo, no demand characteristics aka they don't wanna please the experimenter
36
challenges to the use of animals
-they are no us -they don't talk -they are prey -they are a lot tougher than we are -ethical issues
37
deontological ethics
there are things we should not do -the normatice ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on the actions adherence to a rule or rules
38
consequalist ethics
-consequences justify the means -the normative ethical position holding that the consequences of ones conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness of that conduct
39
name the three thermal assays
-hot plate tests -tail flick test -hargreaves test
40
hot plate test
they put the mouse on a heating plate -involves the conscience -waiting until you see that thety are hurt
41
tail flick test
reflex -stick the tail in smth hot
42
hardgreaves test
-shine a laser on the rats tail -we dunno if it is a reflex or a choice
43
what are the mechanical assays
-von frey filaments -randall selitto test
44
von frey filaments
-there are filaments that are fragile -they can apply a certain force before they break -they wanna see when will the rat will move and be in pain
45
randall selitto test
apply pressure to a mouse
46
mechanical assays: indirext
weight bearing -grip force -gait changes
47
what do you do in chemical assyas
-writhing test -long lasting pain -they inject bad stuff in a rat -acetic acid, magnesium sulfate, bradykinin
48
what is the formalin test
-chemical assay -hurt a lot -then slay -then ouch -lasts for an hour
49
tonic/chronic inflammatory assays
-inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia -inflammatory mechanical allodynia -inflammatory cold allodynia
50
most common inflammatory things
-carrageenan -complete freunds adjuvants -mustard oil
51
what happens if you have fun with the primary afferent on foot
partial damage to nerve supply -the rats do nothing -measures: cold allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia
52
what is axotomy
complete denervation -cut sciatic nerve and the saprenous afferent
53
what happens if you do an axotomy
they start biting off their toes because theyt are not a part of them anymore
54
axotomy is a good model for?
phantom limb pain
55
are animal models of of pain good enough?
not really
56
what is the problem with better algesiometric assays
they take a long ass time
57
what is vulvodynia
allodynia of the vulvar vestibule -they have a lot of UTIs -they gave lots of utis to rats to get permanent allodynia
58
what are the three critism of the status quo
-reflective vs conditioned measures -pain affected measures ex: sleep, anxiety and attention -symptom epidemiology vs dependent measure use
59
what are the conditioning methods to study pain
-operant conditioning -classical pavlovian conditioning
60
operant conditioning
-learned escape from pain -learned analgesic self administration -motivational conflict: between pain vs food/water
61
classical pavlovian conditioning
-conditioned place avoidance like formalin paired chamber or chamber where allodynia is experienced -conditioned place preference
62
what is motivational conflict between pain and food
-they would inject that would cause inflammation and then would cause mechanical and heat allodynia -so that it would hurt if they would try to reach food
63
classical place preference to analgesia
-training place where one side has analgesic and not the other side -clonidine is the analgesic and the conotoxin would hurt -they would love the analgesic
64
do mice in chronic pain have anxiety, attention and sleep problems
yeah
65
order in which pain is in humans
-spontaneous pain -mechanical hypersensitivity -thermal hypersensitivity
66
order in which pain is studied in animal models
-thermal hypersensitivity -mechanical hypersensitivity -spontaneous pain

PSYC 302 (10 decks)

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