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PSYC 302 > Lecture 1: intro to pain > Flashcards

Lecture 1: intro to pain Flashcards

1
Q

true or false: pain is a perception

A

true

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2
Q

true or false: pain is not an emotion

A

false: it is

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3
Q

true or false: pain is a strong motivator of behavior

A

true

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4
Q

does pain have effects on psychological health and well being

A

true

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5
Q

true or false: pain is more psychological than other sensations ort disease states

A

true

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6
Q

true or false:L the linkl between injury and pain is strong

A

falser: it is weak

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7
Q

true or false: pain can be ,agnified by what we think

A

true

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8
Q

true or falseL psychiological modulation has a huge effect

A

true

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9
Q

true or false: soldiers are more tolerant to pain

A

technically from the study yes, but there were other factors that were not evaluated

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10
Q

what is the #1 reason to visit healthcare

A

pain

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11
Q

what is the #1 concern of patients with chronic disease

A

pain

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12
Q

can pain kill us:

A

-does nit directly
-people with chronic pain have shorter life spans
-morbidity: suffering not dying

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13
Q

pain is a more …. …. of mankind than …. itself

A

pain is a more terrible lord of mankind than death itself

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14
Q

top 10 reasons to visit a doc

A
  1. Cough
  2. Back pain
  3. Abdominal pain
  4. Sore throat
  5. Dermatitis (itch)
  6. Fever
  7. Headache
  8. Leg pain
  9. Respiratory
    10.Fatigue
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15
Q

true or false: pain is ubiquitous

A

true

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16
Q

prevalence of chronic pain

A

-1/20 would have chronic pain rn
-50% of us will experience chronic pain in our lifetime

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17
Q

what is the epidemiologist bathtib?

A

-flow of the water is the incidence: so how much new cases of smth over a period of time and the flow says how fucked you are
-the prevalence is the tub so it is how many people have smth
-the vapor released is the recovery
-the water that gets out is the deaths

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18
Q

backpain and the NHS in 1 year

A

-16 500 000 HAVE BACK PAIN
-3000 000-7 000 000 ARE CONSULTING A DOCTOR
-1 600 000 have a prescription for their backpain or they are being treated
-100 000 are at an hospital; because of that
-24 00 get surgery

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19
Q

what is the prevalence of pain in kids

A

between 3%-10% but we are still unsure because different studies study different stuff

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20
Q

true or false there is mor arthritis than high blood pressure

A

wrong there is more high blood pressure

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21
Q

true or false: women have a higher prevalence of pain than men

A

true: more back pain, arthritis, migrane, crohns disease
men have more diabetes

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22
Q

true or false: for men the longer you live the more likely you are to get pain

A

false after 70-74 it kinda decreases because probs men that were likely to get pain are dead
-it is true for women tho they do be suffering

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23
Q

does the level of education that you have affect the amount of pain that you have

A

yup
-the more educated the less pain that you have
-probs due to less physical jobs for academics, a good socioeconomic status means less stress and less pain
-better insurance too means better treatments

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24
Q

prevalence of pain by body part

A

-Lower bacl: 18%
-knee: 16%
-head: 15%
-leg 14%
-shoulder 9%
-neck and hip 8%
-hand 6%
-upper back: 5%

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25
Q

why is there the most pain in the lower back?

A

-works the most so we compensate with it a lot
-the gravity puts lots of pressure on the lower vertebrae

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26
Q

what are the 4 categories of burden of pain

A

-functional activity
sleep disturbance
work, household chores
leisure activities
energy

-social consequences
marital and family relations
intimacy
social isolation

-socio-economic consequences
healthcare cost
disability
lost productivity

-emotional functioning
irritable
angry
anxious
depressed

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27
Q

what is the most debilitating pain for complex activity like showering

A

lower back and knee pain

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28
Q

global burden of disease: true or false: cancer is the #1

A

false it is pain ex:
back pain
oth MSK
neck pain
headache

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29
Q

what does comorbidity means

A

if you have one condition, how likelyu you are of getting another

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30
Q

patients with peripheral neuropathic pain experience which symptoms in levels from the most popular to least

A

-difficulty sleeping
-lack of energy
-drowsiness
-concentration difficulties
-depression
-anxiety
poor appetite

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31
Q

patients with peripheral neuropathic pain experience which symptoms in levels from the most popular to least

A

-difficulty sleeping
-lack of energy
-drowsiness
-concentration difficulties
-depression
-anxiety
poor appetitetrue or

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32
Q

true or false: people with chronic pain are more likely to be at suicide risk

A

true

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33
Q

true or false: you will die faster if you have chronic pain

A

true

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34
Q

true or false: the cost of pain outweighs of cancer and the us defense

A

true

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35
Q

pain is abrahamic religions

A

-pain as a punishment for sin
ex: eve and the garden of eden, now it is painful to give birth
-pain as redemption like jesus on the cross
-pain as personal atonement

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36
Q

where does the word pain come from

A

-greel: peona which is like a punishment
-proto indo eurtopean: sadness/douleur

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37
Q

pain in philosophy

A
  1. Aristotle (384-322 BCE): pain is an emotion,
    in the heart
  2. Galen (130-201): pain is a sensation,
    in the brain
  3. Avicenna (980-1037): pain is an independent
    sensation from touch/temperature
  4. Descartes (1596-1650): there exists a
    “pain pathway” from the body to the brain
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38
Q

theodicy

A

-the vindication of divine goodness and providence in view of the existence of evil
basically is god is supposed to be good. why is there pain?

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39
Q

what is utilitarism and who proposed it

A

you should decide on the ethical permissiveness based on the pain and the pleasure that smth brings
-if there is more pleasure than pain that is brought then it is fine
-Jeremy Bentham

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40
Q

the principle of utility

A

-recognizes the fundamental role of pain and pleasure in human life’
-approves or disapproves of an action on the basis that the amount of pain or pleasure brought about (consequences)
-equated the good with the pleasurable and the evil with pain
-asserts that pleasure and pain are capable of quantification and hence of measure

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41
Q

duolism

A

mind and bodyu are seperate

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42
Q

monis

A

mind is an output of the body aka the brain

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43
Q

what was an evidence of duolism

A

phantom pain

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44
Q

pain and the problem of other minds

A

basically i might exist, you might exist and there is no way that you can prove to me that you actually exist
-same thing with pain, i know someone has pain but I could never feel it from another person and to know how bad it is

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45
Q

pain and animal rights: animal liberation and who proposed it

A

the funamental interest that entitle a being to equal consideration is the capacity for suffering and or enjoyment or happiness
Peter Singer

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46
Q

what is the declatatiojn of mtl?

A

-declaration that access to pain management is a fundamental human right
Article 1. The right of all people to have access to pain management without discrimination.
Article 2. The right of people in pain to acknowledgment of their pain and to be informed about
how it can be assessed and managed.
Article 3. The right of all people with pain to have access to appropriate assessment and
treatment of the pain by adequately trained health care professionals.

47
Q

opiod consumption by country

A

-canada is number one followed by switzerland and Germany

48
Q

what is the difference between industrialized countries and less industrialized

A

industrialized countries give wayyy more opiods

49
Q

what is the name ofd the frida kalo painting

A

the broken column

50
Q

what is the first definition of pain

A

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage

51
Q

why is masochism such a slay

A

-either people find it pleasnt in right moments
-or people get their rocks off when there is pain involved in sex

52
Q

xamples of non-unpleasnt pain

A

-spicy food
-tattoos
-exercise
-scratching an itch

53
Q

second definition of pain

A

an unpleasnt sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of damage
-ex: when you press a large knife on the arm, it could hurt before the skin breaks

54
Q

what was wrong with the second def of pain

A

-it does not account for neuropathic pain which is damage to the nerves, not tissue
-does not account that the longer you are in pain, the more you feel it
-it says as if pain can be a lot of touch and like that past a certain threshold it will hurt which is wrong
-it also does not account that pain != the state of someone, the pain depends on the person

55
Q

what is pain? aka 3 things

A

-sensation?
like vision
is pain just a high intensity touch
stimulus/response mismatch
sensitization vs habituation
-emotioj like sadness

-drive state like
thirst
that which can’t be ignored
it compels action
ex: hunger and tiredness

56
Q

true or false: pain could trump all the other drive state

A

it could

57
Q

true or false: there are good pain stimulus and bad pain stimulus

A

true
-some placed in the body don’t care about certain stimuli ex: if the colon is burned, you won’t feel it because the colon does not care about receiving burning pain there

58
Q

what is the new def of pain

A

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with or resembling that associated with actual or potential tissue damage

59
Q

true or false: all analgesia is anesthesia

A

false
all anesthesia is analgesia
Analgesia is the relief of pain without the loss of consciousness or sensation using analgesics (e.g., Aspirin, Carprofen, etc.). Anesthesia is the loss of physical sensation with or without loss of consciousness using anesthetics

60
Q

pain and nociception are the same

A

no
nociception is basically the workings of nervous system and how it leads to the sensation of pain

61
Q

true or false, we feel physical and emotional pain the same

A

false
-social rejection causes inflammation
-social suffering activates brain pain matrix
-acetaminophen reduces social pain and fear of death

62
Q

true or false: pain can be constructed in the brain

A

true

63
Q

the thermal grill illusion

A

-2 sets of cold and warm water in tubes qui sont repeated and it os not painful when you touch either because there is nociception when you only touch one but when you touch more than one it hurts af

64
Q

Fordyce behavioral model of pain

A

nociception cause pain, pain causes suffering and suffering leads to pain behavior

65
Q

what are the 3 lengths of pain

A

-acute pain (seconds to minutes)
-tonic pain (hours to weeks)
-chronic pain (weeks to years)

66
Q

why acute pain

A

-to protect our bodies aka avoid tissue damage or minimize tissue damage
-teaching signal; it can show physical limitations like when you jump off of smth too high will indeed hurt

67
Q

why tonic pain

A

-to rest and recover, so that we don’t do a harsh movement ex: casts with broken bones
-to “punish certain movements”

68
Q

why chronic pain?

A

2 things
-there is no reason wht we have chronic pain, it is a pathology
it is like a broken alarm that is always on
-it makes us hypervigilant

69
Q

which condiation leads to insensitivity to pain

A

The human pincussion
-congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis which is an hereditary sensory neuropathy type IV

70
Q

true or false people who have insensitity to pain have long life spans

A

false they have short life spans

71
Q

what is the most common death cause of people that have pain insensitivity

A

infection (sepsis) from broken bones

72
Q

pain and the lumping and splitting problem

A

-maybe pain is just one type of pain which means that all results are the same
-maybe there are 3 different types of pain, so gotta do more studies and then the results can’t apply
ex: cancer

73
Q

what is usually the time point where acute pain becomes chronic pain

A

3 months

74
Q

what are the 2 tyoes of pain (time points)

A

-acute
ex: injury, post op
-chronic

75
Q

what are the 4 types of pain (from the pain etiologies pt 1

A

-nociceptive
-neuropathic (cns or peripheral)
-visceral
-mixed

76
Q

example of mociceptive pain

A

-inflammatory pain like osteoarthrisis and rheumathoid arthrisis

77
Q

examples of neuropathic pain

A

-cns
post stroke
MS
spinal cord injury
migraine
HIV neuropathic pain
-PNS
post herpetic neuralgia
diabetic neuropathy

78
Q

examples of visceral pain

A

-internal organ
-pancreatitis
-IBS

79
Q

examples of mixed pain

A

-lower back
-cancer
-fibromyalgy

80
Q

NOCICEPTIVE PAIN: PAIN ETIOLOGIES

A

-no nervous system lesion or inflammation
-stimulus dependant pain
-evoked by high intensity/noxious stimuli

81
Q

pain etiologies pt 2: types of pain

A

-nociceptive pain
-inflammatory pain
-dysfunctional pain
-neuropathic pain

82
Q

inflammatory pain: pain etiologies pt

A

-active inflammation
-spontaneous and stimulus dependant
-sensory amplification ex: when you have an inflamed finger, it’ll hurt even when we don’t touch it it’ll hurt
-evoked by low and high intensity stimuli

83
Q

what was the old name of dysfunctional pain

A

idiopathic pain

84
Q

dysfunctional pain pain etiologies

A

-no known structural nervous system lesion or active peripheral inflammation
-spontaneous and stimulus dependant pain
-sensory amplification
-evoked by low and high intensity
-present with lack of stimulus
ex: fibromyalgia and IBS
-noci plastic is the new name

85
Q

neuropathic pain: pain etiology part 2

A

-nervous system lesion or disease
-marked neuroimmune response
-spontaneous and stimulus dependent
-sensory amplification
-evoked by low and high intensity stimuli

86
Q

types of pain location like separation

A

-superficial pain: skin near the surface
-deep pian: muscle, joint and bone
-visceral (referred)
-neuropathic pain
-phantom pain

87
Q

why do we say that visceral pain is referred

A

-most of the time when you have stomach pain, it is possible that the pain is neuropathic
-pain in the internal organs like the bladder often feels like the pain is in the skin around the bladder

88
Q

say what is the type of pain : pain due to a lesion or a dysfunction of the nervous system; you feel the pain in the tissue that the nerve is innervating

A

neuropathic pain

89
Q

what type of pain is phantom limb pain

A

neuro pathic
pain is located in space where the limb was aka in the brain

90
Q

what are the symptonms of pain disorders

A

-spontaneous pain: continuous or paroxysmal
-evoked pain
paresthesia/dysesthesia
-numbness
-paradoxal thermal sensations
-after sensations

91
Q

spontaneous pain

A

-most common type of pain
-pain comes from where the location hurts
-it is coming from the inside by itself
-you don’t need to touch it, move it, it hurts on its won

92
Q

evoked pain: pain hypersensitivity

A

-smth must provoke it aka touch it in order to huert
-allodynia
-hyperalgesia
-static vs dynamic
-activity evoked aka you walk on ur injury

93
Q

what is aloodynia

A

-heat
-cold
-mechanical
-vibration
-non noxious->noxious

94
Q

what is hyperalgesia

A

-heat
-cold
-mechanical
-vibration
-painful into like super painful

95
Q

true or false: the physiology of static and dynamic pain is the same

A

nope apparently they could be different

96
Q

what is paresthesia

A

funny feeling

97
Q

what is dysesthesia

A

unpleasant funny feeling

98
Q

what are paradoxal thermal sensations

A

-you feel cold when touch is warm

99
Q

ex of aloodynia and hyperalgesia

A

people that have a sun burn

100
Q

describe the curve for hyperalgesia and allodynia vs normal pain response

A

,,,,,

101
Q

relative frequency of signs and sympotoms of chronic pain

A

-deep pain
-ongoing pain
-evoked pain
-activity evoked pain
-cold evoked pain

102
Q

at is the type of evoked pain that we study the moist

A

touch evoked pain

103
Q

what is the most common tyope of dysesthesia

A

tingling

104
Q

difference between sign and symptom

A

-symptom is what the patient complains of
-sign is what a clinician can observe

105
Q

true or false: anxiety and chronic pain go hand in and

A

true

106
Q

What did pain cause to the squids

A

-made them more cautious
-to remind u that you are injured and they were more cautious
-they were careful to not do anything dangerous so they were hypervigilant

107
Q

functional activity consequences

A

-functional activity
sleep disturbance
work, household chores
leisure activities
energy

108
Q

social consequences

A

-social consequences
marital and family relations
intimacy
social isolation

109
Q

socio economic consequences

A

socio-economic consequences
healthcare cost
disability
lost productivity

110
Q

emotional functioning consequences

A

-emotional functioning
irritable
angry
anxious
depressed

111
Q

Aristotle

A
  1. Aristotle (384-322 BCE): pain is an emotion,
    in the heart
112
Q

Galen

A
  1. Galen (130-201): pain is a sensation,
    in the brain
113
Q

Avicenna

A
  1. Avicenna (980-1037): pain is an independent
    sensation from touch/temperature
114
Q

Descartes

A
  1. Descartes (1596-1650): there exists a
    “pain pathway” from the body to the brain

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