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Brain Dysfunction > Lecture 7 - Spatial Behaviour > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Spatial Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What problems can spatial disorientation englobed ?

A
  • Problems finding the way, whether to go left or right
  • Problems recognizing places (until seeing distinguishing features)
  • Failure to use landmarks
  • Able to verbally describe known routes
  • Unable to locate cities & states on map
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2
Q

What are the different types of space ?

A
  • Body space
  • Grasping space
  • Distal space
  • Time space : autonoetic awareness & autobiographical memory
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3
Q

What are the different brain areas involved in spatial behaviour ?

A
  • Prefrontal cortex : executive & scene manipulation
  • Perirhinal cortex : object-based information
  • Hippocampus : event within a scene, scene contribution
  • Parahippocampal : scene-based information
  • Occipital cortex : visual information
  • Parietal cortex : Body-oriented information
    ATN : head direction
  • Retrospinal cortex : scene translation
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4
Q

What are the different types of spatial behaviors ?

A
  • Route following
  • Piloting
  • Food catching
    -Dead reckoning
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5
Q

What are the different tests for spatial behavior ?

A
  • Visualization tests
  • Orientation tests
  • Spatial memory tests
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6
Q

What are the 3 possible disorders of spatial behavior ?

A
  • Topographical disorientation : inability to find your way in relationship to salient environmental cues
  • Retrograde spatial amnesia : not able to navigate in environment that were familiar before injury
  • Anterograde spatial amnesia : able to navigate in familiar but not in novel environments
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7
Q

What are the different types of topographical disorientation ?

A
  • Egocentric disorientation
  • Heading disorientation
  • Landmark agnosia
  • Anterograde disorientation
  • Spatial disorientation
  • Balint Syndrome
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8
Q

What are the symptoms of egocentric disorientation ?

A
  • Difficulty perceiving relative location of objects with respect to oneself
  • Inability to reach for identified objects
  • Inability to describe routes (despite intact general memory)
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9
Q

Where are located lesions that can lead to egocentric disorientation ?

A

Posterior parietal cortex (uni or bilateral)

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of heading disorientation ?

A
  • No sense of direction
  • Able to recognize specific landmarks but unable to use them as navigation cues
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11
Q

Where are located lesions that can lead to heading disorientation ?

A

R posterior cingulate cortex

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12
Q

Where are located lesions that can lead to landmark agnosia ?

A

Lingual & fusiform gyri & parahippocampal gyrus (bilateral or medial R occipital lobe)

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13
Q

Where are located lesions that can lead to anterograde disorientation ?

A

Parahippocampal gyrus (R inferior ventral cortex)

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14
Q

Where are located lesions that can lead to spatial-mapping or memory deficit ?

A

Hippocampus

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of landmark agnosia ?

A
  • Inability to recognize specific landmarks but able to recognize object categories
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16
Q

What are the symptoms of anterograde disorientation ?

A
  • Inability to navigate in new environments
17
Q

What are the symptoms of spatial disorientation ?

A
  • Problems in experiencing spatial proportions (“Alice in Wonderland” syndrome)
18
Q

What is developmental topographical disorientation ?

A

Lifelong inability to navigate or orient oneself in the environment despite normal other cognitive functions

19
Q

What functions are guided by the dorsal stream?

A
  • Action guidance : reaching, grasping, body & eye movement
20
Q

What pathways are associated with the dorsal stream ?

A
  • Parieto-prefrontal pathway (FEF)
  • Pareto-premotor pathway (inputs from superior colliculus)
21
Q

What functions are associated with the ventral stream ?

A
  • Perception functions : spatial navigation, landmark recognition, route knowledge
22
Q

What pathways are associated with the ventral stream ?

A
  • Pareto-medial temporal pathway
23
Q

What is simult agnosia and what causes it ?

A
  • Simult agnosia : inability to perceive more than one object at a time
  • Lesions : bilateral parietal lesions
24
Q

What is optic ataxia and what causes it ?

A
  • Optic ataxia : difficulty in using visual information to guide hand movements
  • Lesions : parietal lobe damage
25
Q

What is Balint syndrome and what causes it ?

A
  • Balint syndrome : inability to fixate eyes on specific stimuli, simult agnosia & optic ataxia (severe spatial orientation issues)
  • Lesions : bilateral dorsal parietal lesions
26
Q

What spatial deficits are associated with R parietal lesions ?

A

Issues with visual location & depth perception

27
Q

What spatial function is associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ?

A

Memory for locations

28
Q

What spatial function is associated with the premotor regions ?

A

Reaching for objects

29
Q

What spatial function is associated with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex ?

A

Location value

30
Q

How do the temporal lobes directly contribute to navigation?

A

Dorsal input & ego-centric spatial guidance

31
Q

How do the temporal lobes are indirectly related to memory/recognition ?

A

Visual input & allocentric spatial guidance

32
Q

What spatial navigation abilities are affected if damage to hippocampus & parahippocampal gyrus ?

A
  • Ability to describe & navigate in familiar environment but unable in new environments
33
Q

What spatial navigation abilities are affected if damage to hippocampus & entorhinal cortex ?

A
  • Able to produce a cognitive map, but unable to describe contextual details
34
Q

Lesions to which area lead to anterograde spatial amnesia ?

A

Hippocampus

35
Q

Lesions to which area lead to retrograde spatial amnesia ?

A

Entorhinal cortex

36
Q

What are the three main types of cells involved in spatial behavior and navigation ?

A
  • Place cells
  • Head-direction cells
  • Grid cells
37
Q

Where are the 3 types of positioning system cells mainly found ?

A
  • Parietal & rhinal cortices
  • Hippocampus
38
Q

What are the four elements of a coherent scene according to SCT ?

A
  • Navigation
  • Episodic memory
  • Imagining
  • Future thinking
39
Q
A

Brain Dysfunction (13 decks)

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