Lecture 7 - Spatial Behaviour Flashcards
What problems can spatial disorientation englobed ?
- Problems finding the way, whether to go left or right
- Problems recognizing places (until seeing distinguishing features)
- Failure to use landmarks
- Able to verbally describe known routes
- Unable to locate cities & states on map
What are the different types of space ?
- Body space
- Grasping space
- Distal space
- Time space : autonoetic awareness & autobiographical memory
What are the different brain areas involved in spatial behaviour ?
- Prefrontal cortex : executive & scene manipulation
- Perirhinal cortex : object-based information
- Hippocampus : event within a scene, scene contribution
- Parahippocampal : scene-based information
- Occipital cortex : visual information
- Parietal cortex : Body-oriented information
ATN : head direction - Retrospinal cortex : scene translation
What are the different types of spatial behaviors ?
- Route following
- Piloting
- Food catching
-Dead reckoning
What are the different tests for spatial behavior ?
- Visualization tests
- Orientation tests
- Spatial memory tests
What are the 3 possible disorders of spatial behavior ?
- Topographical disorientation : inability to find your way in relationship to salient environmental cues
- Retrograde spatial amnesia : not able to navigate in environment that were familiar before injury
- Anterograde spatial amnesia : able to navigate in familiar but not in novel environments
What are the different types of topographical disorientation ?
- Egocentric disorientation
- Heading disorientation
- Landmark agnosia
- Anterograde disorientation
- Spatial disorientation
- Balint Syndrome
What are the symptoms of egocentric disorientation ?
- Difficulty perceiving relative location of objects with respect to oneself
- Inability to reach for identified objects
- Inability to describe routes (despite intact general memory)
Where are located lesions that can lead to egocentric disorientation ?
Posterior parietal cortex (uni or bilateral)
What are the symptoms of heading disorientation ?
- No sense of direction
- Able to recognize specific landmarks but unable to use them as navigation cues
Where are located lesions that can lead to heading disorientation ?
R posterior cingulate cortex
Where are located lesions that can lead to landmark agnosia ?
Lingual & fusiform gyri & parahippocampal gyrus (bilateral or medial R occipital lobe)
Where are located lesions that can lead to anterograde disorientation ?
Parahippocampal gyrus (R inferior ventral cortex)
Where are located lesions that can lead to spatial-mapping or memory deficit ?
Hippocampus
What are the symptoms of landmark agnosia ?
- Inability to recognize specific landmarks but able to recognize object categories
What are the symptoms of anterograde disorientation ?
- Inability to navigate in new environments
What are the symptoms of spatial disorientation ?
- Problems in experiencing spatial proportions (“Alice in Wonderland” syndrome)
What is developmental topographical disorientation ?
Lifelong inability to navigate or orient oneself in the environment despite normal other cognitive functions
What functions are guided by the dorsal stream?
- Action guidance : reaching, grasping, body & eye movement
What pathways are associated with the dorsal stream ?
- Parieto-prefrontal pathway (FEF)
- Pareto-premotor pathway (inputs from superior colliculus)
What functions are associated with the ventral stream ?
- Perception functions : spatial navigation, landmark recognition, route knowledge
What pathways are associated with the ventral stream ?
- Pareto-medial temporal pathway
What is simult agnosia and what causes it ?
- Simult agnosia : inability to perceive more than one object at a time
- Lesions : bilateral parietal lesions
What is optic ataxia and what causes it ?
- Optic ataxia : difficulty in using visual information to guide hand movements
- Lesions : parietal lobe damage
What is Balint syndrome and what causes it ?
- Balint syndrome : inability to fixate eyes on specific stimuli, simult agnosia & optic ataxia (severe spatial orientation issues)
- Lesions : bilateral dorsal parietal lesions
What spatial deficits are associated with R parietal lesions ?
Issues with visual location & depth perception
What spatial function is associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ?
Memory for locations
What spatial function is associated with the premotor regions ?
Reaching for objects
What spatial function is associated with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex ?
Location value
How do the temporal lobes directly contribute to navigation?
Dorsal input & ego-centric spatial guidance
How do the temporal lobes are indirectly related to memory/recognition ?
Visual input & allocentric spatial guidance
What spatial navigation abilities are affected if damage to hippocampus & parahippocampal gyrus ?
- Ability to describe & navigate in familiar environment but unable in new environments
What spatial navigation abilities are affected if damage to hippocampus & entorhinal cortex ?
- Able to produce a cognitive map, but unable to describe contextual details
Lesions to which area lead to anterograde spatial amnesia ?
Hippocampus
Lesions to which area lead to retrograde spatial amnesia ?
Entorhinal cortex
What are the three main types of cells involved in spatial behavior and navigation ?
- Place cells
- Head-direction cells
- Grid cells
Where are the 3 types of positioning system cells mainly found ?
- Parietal & rhinal cortices
- Hippocampus
What are the four elements of a coherent scene according to SCT ?
- Navigation
- Episodic memory
- Imagining
- Future thinking
