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Brain Dysfunction > Lecture 10 - Language > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Language Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different components of language ?

A
  • Phonemes : smallest unit of meaningful sounds
  • Morphemes : smallest unit of meaning
  • Lexicon
  • Syntax
  • Semantics
  • Prosody : tone of voice
  • Discourse
    ( - Pragmatics)
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2
Q

What are the 2 main theories about the origins of language ?

A
  • Discontinuity theories : language evolved rapidly & appeared suddenly in modern humans (around 200.000y ago)
  • Continuity theories : language evolved gradually
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3
Q

What is needed for (spoken) language ?

A

Motor speech apparatus : larynx

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4
Q

What is need to develop language ?

A
  • Human environment : input & interaction (deprived & deaf children)
  • Sensitive period : window of opportunity
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5
Q

What are the differences between Broca’s & Wernicke’s aphasia ?

A
  • Broca’s : posterior part LIFG, laborious & non-fluent speech, limited writing, speech understanding & reading relatively intact
  • Wernicke’s : boundary temporal-parietal lobes, fluent but disordered speech & writing, impaired understanding of speech & reading
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6
Q

What’s the basis of the classical model for language ?

A
  • Comprehension from sounds in Wernicke’s area
  • Passed over arcuate fasciculus pathway
  • To Broca’s area to articulate speech
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7
Q

What are the problems/limitations of the classical model of language ?

A
  • Mismatch aphasia-type & damaged area
  • Limited to lexical level
  • Broca’s area also for comprehension (semantics : meaning), Wernicke’s area also for production (syntax : grammar)
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8
Q

In what ways is language lateralized in the brain ?

A
  • Production mostly in L hemisphere
  • Lateralization strongest for production & syntax
  • R hemisphere also involved in language comprehension & semantics
  • R hemisphere special role for prosody & for language in context (drawing inferences, metaphors)
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9
Q

What are the specificities of the dorsal pathway for language ?

A
  • Transform sounds information into motor representation
  • Syntax : frequency associations sounds
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10
Q

What are the specificities of the ventral pathway for language ?

A
  • Convey phonological information into semantic information
  • Extract meaning from grammar
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11
Q

What’s the difference between posterior & anterior semantic network for language ?

A
  • Posterior : perceptual knowledge
  • Anterior : action knowledge
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12
Q

What other subcortical structures are involved in speech & language ?

A
  • Thalamus & caudate nucleus
  • Cerebellum
  • Visual cortical areas
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13
Q

Which network is the more involved in language processing ?

A

Network of perisylvian areas

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14
Q

What are the different types of language disorders ?

A
  • Speech : aphasia
  • Writing : agraphia
  • Reading : alexia
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15
Q

What are the symptoms of disorders of comprehension of language ?

A
  • Poor auditory comprehension
  • Poor visual comprehension
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16
Q

What are the symptoms of disorders of production of language ?

A
  • Poor articulation
  • Word)finding deficit (anomia)
  • Unintended words or phrases (paraphrasia)
  • Loss of grammar & syntax
  • Low verbal fluency
  • Inability to write (agraphia)
  • Loss of tone in voice (aprosodia)
17
Q

What are the different types of aphasia ?

A
  • Fluent aphasias
  • Non-fluent aphasias
  • Pure aphasias
18
Q

What are the symptoms of fluent aphasias ?

A
  • Fluent speech
  • Difficulty verbal comprehension or repeating words/sentenced
19
Q

What are the symptoms of sensory aphasia (Wernicke’s aphasia) ?

A
  • Fluent speech without articulation problems
  • Incoherent speech
  • Poor understanding of spoken language
  • Elementary problems with phonemes (speech sounds) & graphemes (letters)
  • Word salad
  • Writing problems
20
Q

What’s conduction aphasia ?

A
  • Good speech understanding & production
  • Unable to repeat words
21
Q

What’s anomic/amnesic aphasia ?

A
  • Good speech understanding & production
  • Serious word finding problems with nouns (temporal) or verbs (frontal)
22
Q

What are the symptoms of non-fluent aphasias ?

A
  • Relatively good speech understanding
  • Difficult, simplified or absent speech production
23
Q

What are the symptoms of expressive aphasia (Broca’s aphasia) ?

A
  • Good speech understanding
  • Slow, poor & grammatically deficient speech production
24
Q

What’s transcortical motor aphasia ?

A
  • Repetition is good
  • Difficult spontaneous production of speech
25
Q

What’s global aphasia ?

A
  • Laboured speech
  • Poor comprehension
26
Q

What are the symptoms of pure (selective) aphasias ?

A
  • Specific problems with reading (alexia), writing (agraphia) or word recognition
  • No other language problems
27
Q

What are the complexities in localizing lesions leading to aphasias ?

A
  • Large parts of the brain directly or indirectly involved in language (auditory or visual perception, motor activity, working memory, LT memory)
  • Language disorders effect of CVA of middle cerebral artery (providing blood supply of important temporal & frontal language areas & caudate nucleus)
28
Q

What are the symptoms related to language after lesions to R hemisphere ?

A
  • No control of speech, not often aphasia
  • Problems with prosody
  • Problems context use for word/sentence/discourse interpretation
29
Q

What’s dyslexia ?

A

Overall term for a group of heterogenous reading problems

30
Q

At what levels can dyslexia occur ?

A

Letters, words or sentences

31
Q

What are the potential causes of dyslexia ?

A
  • Defective processing of orthographic, phonological, spatial or semantic representations of written language
32
Q

What’s the difference between acquired & developmental dyslexia ?

A
  • Acquired : develops as a result of a stroke or other brain injury
  • Developmental : arises during the developmental period

Brain Dysfunction (14 decks)

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