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Brain Dysfunction > Lecture 2 - Motor (Dys)Function > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Motor (Dys)Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 cortical motor control cortex ?

A
  • Posterior/Parietal Cortex
  • Prefrontal Cortex
  • Premotor Cortex
  • Motor Cortex
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2
Q

What are the 4 subcortical motor control components ?

A
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain Stem
  • Spinal Cord
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3
Q

What’s the Posterior/Parietal Cortex’ main function ?

A
  • Provide visual information about location of object
  • Provide postural information about location of arm/hand
  • Global response to stimuli : reaching, gesturing
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4
Q

What’s the Prefrontal Cortex’ main function ?

A
  • Receives information from limbic system & sensory association regions
  • Movement planning & decision making
  • Based on previous experiences
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5
Q

What’s the Premotor Cortex’ main function ?

A
  • Rhythmic movement & motor coordination
  • Organizing specific action sequences
  • Movement lexicon of smaller precise movements (pincer & grasping)
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6
Q

What’s the Motor Cortex’ main function ?

A
  • Execution of exact precise hand movements
  • Movement lexicon
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7
Q

How is organized the Primary Motor Cortex (M1) ?

A

Topographical organization (homonculus)
(face & hands = biggest areas)

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8
Q

What symptoms do you expect if M1 is damaged ?

A
  • Stroke or tumors
  • Loss of fine motor skills
  • Hemiparesis
  • Hemiplegia
  • Spasticity
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9
Q

What symptoms do you expect if the Premotor Cortex is damaged ?

A
  • Problems with tasks that require bimanual or multi-limb coordination
  • Problems with motor sequences
  • Simple movements feel effort-full, fatigue
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10
Q

In what order does an information travel in the cortical motor system ?

A
  1. Posterior Cortex
  2. Prefrontal Cortex
  3. Premotor Cortex
  4. Motor Cortex
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11
Q

In which cortex can we find Mirror Neurons ?

A

Premotor Cortex

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12
Q

What are the Mirror Neurons’ characteristics ?

A
  • Simulate actions of others
  • Understanding of others’ actions & intentions
  • Enables fast responses & anticipation
  • Understanding of emotional expressions & states
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13
Q

What’s the role of the Basal Ganglia in the motor system ?

A

Volume control :
- Inhibition & excitation of movements through the direct & indirect pathways
- Selection of appropriate actions & inhibition of inappropriate ones

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14
Q

Which Basal Ganglia’s component is essential for motor control ?

A

Globus Pallidus (GPi)

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15
Q

To what can lead damage to cells of the Caudate Nucleus ?

A

Excessive movement :
- Huntington’s Disease
- Tourette’s Syndrome

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16
Q

To what can lead damage to Substantia Nigra ?

A
  • Parkinson’s Disease
  • Reduced dopaminergic input (tremors, rigidity, cognitive inflexibility)
17
Q

What are the symptoms of Dopamine dysregulations ?

A
  • Learning deficits, stimulus-response associations (gambling, drug addiction, impulsivity)
  • Motivational symptoms
  • Mood disorders
18
Q

What are the possible treatments for Parkinson’s disease ?

A
  • Physical therapy
  • Medication (e.g. L-dopa)
  • Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
19
Q

What symptoms do you expect when the Cerebellum is damaged ?

A
  • Gait Ataxia (midline)
  • Appendicular Ataxia (lateral)
  • Flocundonodular damage
20
Q

What is the Cerebellum’s main function in motor control ?

A

Acquiring & maintaining motor skills

21
Q

What are Gait Ataxia’s symptoms ?

A
  • Problems with balance & posture
  • Problems with eye movements
  • “Drunk-walking”
22
Q

What are Appendicular Ataxia’s symptoms ?

A
  • Loss of timing
  • Problems with combined movements
  • Problems in movement accuracy, adjustement to errors
23
Q

What are Flocundonodular damage symptoms ?

A

Delayed eye movements

24
Q

What’s the Neocortex’ main function in motor control ?

A

Skilled fine motor movements

25
Q

What’s the Brain Stem’s main function in motor control ?

A
  • Whole body movement repertoires
  • Corticobulbar tract : facial movements
26
Q

What’s the Spinal Cord’s main function in motor control ?

A
  • Executing the actions
  • Cortico-spinal tracts (anterior & lateral)
27
Q

What are the differences between the 2 corticospinal tracts ?

A
  • Lateral corticospinal tract : moves limbs & digits (crossing fibers)
  • Anterior corticospinal tract : moves muscles in the body’s midline (non-crossing fibers)
28
Q

What are the two pathways in the basal ganglia that modulate movement force ?

A

Inhibitory pathway & excitatory pathway

29
Q

What is the role of the inhibitory pathway in the Basal Ganglia ?

A

Excites the Globus Pallidus (GPi), which in turn inhibits the Thalamus, reducing movement force

30
Q

What is the role of the excitatory pathway in the Basal Ganglia ?

A

Inhibits the GPi, which in turn allows the Thalamus to excite the cortex, increasing movement force

31
Q

How does Parkinson’s disease affect the inhibitory pathway in the Basal Ganglia ?

A
  • Reduced dopamine levels
  • Decreases the activity of the inhibitory pathway
  • Excessive activity of the GPi : increased inhibition of Thalamus
32
Q

What role does the Substantia Nigra play in the pathways associated with Parkinson’s disease ?

A
  • Provides dopamine to Basal Ganglia
  • Disrupt the balance between inhibitory & excitatory pathways
33
Q

What is the consequence of reduced inhibitory pathway activity in Parkinson’s disease ?

A
  • Thalamus excessively inhibited
  • Decrease input to the Motor Cortex
  • Hypokinetic symptoms
34
Q

What are the two main sources of input to the Basal Ganglia ?

A
  • Neocortex & Limbic System (including Motor Cortex)
  • Nigrostriatal Dopamine pathway (from Substantia Nigra)
35
Q

What’s the difference (in terms of components) between the excitatory & inhibitory pathways of the Basal Ganglia ?

A
  • Inhibitory : Cortex -> Putamen -> GPi -> Thalamus
  • Excitatory : Cotex -> Putamen -> GPe -> Subthalamic Nucleus -> GPi

Brain Dysfunction (13 decks)

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