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Brain Dysfunction > Lecture 1 - Level of Lesions > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Level of Lesions Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What is the Spinal Cord’s main function ?

A
  • Simple reflexes in limbs & torso
  • Extension to touch & flexion to pain
  • Transmission of sensory (dorsal root) & motor (ventral root) information
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2
Q

What are the 5 types of nerves present in the Spinal Cord ?

A
  • Cervical (7)
  • Thoracic (12)
  • Lumbar (5)
  • Sacral (5)
  • Coccygeal (4)
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3
Q

What symptoms do you expect when the Spinal Cord is disconnected from the brain ?

A
  • Paraplegia (cut below cervical segments)
  • Quadriplegia (cut extending into cervical segments)
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4
Q

What are the components of the Hindbrain ?

A
  • Myelencephalon : Lower Brain Stem (Medulla, Reticular Formation & Cranial Nerves)
  • Metencephalon : Cerebellum & Pons
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5
Q

What’s the reticular formation’s main function ?

A
  • Consciousness
  • Arousal
  • Control sleep/waking
  • Contains nuclei for noradrenaline, acetylcholine, serotonin & many others
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6
Q

What’s the cranial nerves’ main function ?

A
  • Regulatory & autonomic reflexes
  • Posterior = motor, Anterior = sensory
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7
Q

What’s the Medulla’s main function ?

A
  • Relays sensory information to thalamus
  • Control vital functions (breathing & cardiovascular system)
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8
Q

What symptoms do you expect when the Lower Brain Stem (Myelencephalon) is disconnected from the brain ?

A
  • Sensory input cannot reach the rest of the brain : low consciousness, narcolepsy, muscle rigidity, persistent vegetative state
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9
Q

What symptoms to expect if the Reticular Formation is damaged ?

A

Unconsciousness

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10
Q

What symptoms do you expect if the Medulla is damaged ?

A

Stops breathing & heartbeat

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11
Q

What’s the Cerebellum’s main functions ?

A
  • Motor coordination & motor learning (sensory receptors of trunk & limbs)
  • Integration of motor functions with mental processes
  • Posture & balance (inputs from vestibular system)
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12
Q

What symptoms fo you expect if the Cerebellum is damaged ?

A
  • Problems with equilibrium & postural reflexes
  • Impairement of skilled motor activity
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13
Q

What’s the Pons’ main functions ?

A
  • Relay sensory information to cerebellum & thalamus
  • Subconscious somatic & visceral motor centers
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14
Q

What are the components of the Midbrain ?

A
  • Mesencephalon : Upper Brain Stem (Tectum, Tegmentum, Pariaqueductal Gray)
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15
Q

What’s the Tectum’s main functions ?

A
  • Superior Colliculus : receives sensory information from the eyes
  • Inferior Colliculus : receives sensory information from the ears
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16
Q

What’s the Pariaqueductal Grey’s main functions ?

A

Pain responses

17
Q

What’s the Tegmentum’s main functions ?

A
  • Red Nucleus : limb movement
  • Substantia Nigra : connection to Basal Ganglia & Limbic System + Dopamine projection neurons
18
Q

What’s the Midbrain’s main function ?

A
  • Sensory-motor connections
  • Orienting behaviour to visual, auditory & noxious information
  • Response in relation to value of objects
19
Q

What symptoms do you expect when the Midbrain is disconnected from the rest of the brain ?

A
  • Problems with self-initiated behaviours and habituation to stimuli
  • Overall drowsy state
  • Behaviours are not energetic
20
Q

What are the components of the Forebrain ?

A
  • Diencephalon : Hypothalamus, Thalamus & Epithalamus
  • Telencephalon : Basal Ganglia, Limbic System & Neocortex
21
Q

What’s the Hypothalamus’ main function ?

A
  • Autonomic & endocrine (hormones) regulation
  • Motivated behaviour (feeding, sexual, emotional)
22
Q

What’s the Thalamus’ main function ?

A
  • Composed of 20 nuclei
  • Relay station from one cortical region to another
  • Connect sensory systems to the cortex
23
Q

What’s the Epithalamus’ main function ?

A
  • Regulation of sleep/wake cycle
  • Regulation of hunger/thirst
24
Q

What symptoms do you expect when the Diencephalon is disconnected from the rest of the brain ?

A
  • Quasi-emotional phenomena (energetic but inappropriate & excessive behaviors, unchecked & ongoing rage, pathological uncontrolled laughter or crying, constant aimless activity)
  • Problems in goal-directed behaviors
25
Q

What’s the components of the Basal Ganglia ?

A
  • Caudate Nucleus
  • Putanem
  • Globus Pallidus
26
Q

What’s the Basal Ganglia’s main function ?

A
  • Regulate movements
  • Associative learning
  • Control of movement (not production)
  • Connect sensory & motor regions
  • Adjust movement to environment
  • Receives input from (dopaminergic) Substantia Nigra & Tegmentum
  • Reciprocal connections with cortex
27
Q

What symptoms do you expect when the Basal Ganglia is disconnected from the cortex ?

A
  • Problems with adaptation of behavior to environmental changes
  • Problems with planning & complex behavioral patterns
28
Q

What symptoms do you expect when the Basal Ganglia is damaged ?

A
  • Excessive movement : Huntington’s disease, Tourette syndrome
  • Loss of movement : Parkinson’s disease
  • Learning deficits, stimulus-response associations : gambling, druf addiction, impulsivity
29
Q

What are the motor symptoms of Huntington’s disease ?

A
  • Chorea (uncontrolled movement)
  • Slurred speech
  • Loss of coordination
30
Q

What are the cognitive & emotional symptoms of Huntington’s disease ?

A
  • Memory & concentration problems
  • Impulsivity & disinhibition
    -Mood swings, depression, irritability
  • Development of dementia
31
Q

What leads to Huntington’s disease ?

A
  • Genetic mutation that results in death of brain cells in Basal Ganglia & Frontal Lobes
32
Q

What are the main structures of the Limbic System ?

A
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
  • Cingulate Cortex
  • Fornix
33
Q

What’s the Limbic System’s main function ?

A
  • Memory, learning & spatial behavior
  • Emotional control of behavior
  • Stimulus-outcome association
34
Q

What’s the Neocortex’ main function ?

A
  • Make plans
  • Combine movement sequences
  • Generate complex goal-directed behaviors
35
Q

Where are positioned the Sensory Areas ?

A

Posterior of the central sulcus

36
Q

Where are positioned the Motor Areas ?

A

Anterior of the central sulcus

37
Q

How many Cortical Layers are ?

A

6

Brain Dysfunction (14 decks)

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