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Brain Dysfunction > Lecture 5 - Frontal & Temporal Lobes > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Frontal & Temporal Lobes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the diverse functions of the temporal lobe ?

A
  • Sensory processing (auditory, visual, olfactory)
  • Object recognition, categorization & memorizing
  • Spatial navigation
  • Affective processing
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2
Q

What structures & cortices are in the temporal lobe ?

A
  • Sensory regions : primary auditory & olfactory cortices
  • Association regions : visual & auditory association cortices
  • Subcortical structures : hippocampus & amygdala
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3
Q

What are the functions of the amygdala & hippocampus ?

A
  • Amygdala : linking sensory information to emotions
  • Hippocampus (& paralimbic region) : long-term memory formation
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4
Q

What specific functions of the auditory areas are localized in the L-hemisphere?

A

Speech sounds :
- Recognition
- Temporal dissociation
- Comprehension

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5
Q

What specific functions of the auditory areas are localized in the R-hemisphere?

A

Musical sounds :
- Frequency, pitch, timbre, rhythm, harmony
- Recognition of musical instruments
- Link to emotion & memory

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6
Q

What’s the region in the secondary visual area specialized in processing faces ?

A

Fusiform face area (FFA)

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7
Q

What’s the region of the secondary visual area specialized in processing places or complex scenes ?

A
  • Parahippocampal place area
  • Fusiform gyrus (complex scenes)
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8
Q

What are the different connections of the temporal lobe ?

A
  • Between superior & ventral temporal lobe (STS stream)
  • From auditory areas to parietal cortex (dorsal stream)
  • From primary auditory & visual areas to the temporal pole (ventral stream)
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9
Q

What is the role of the STS in sensory processing ?

A
  • Categorizing auditory & visual stimuli into object categories
  • Cross-modal matching
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10
Q

How does the STS contribute to social cognition ?

A
  • Analyzing social meaning of facial expression, body gesture, vocalization, gaze direction…
  • Theory of Mind (ToM)
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11
Q

What are the 2 major projections of the temporal lobe ?

A
  • Medial temporal projection (to hippocampus and/or amygdala) : LTM
  • Frontal lobe projection : working memory, language, evaluation of emotional meaning of stimuli
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12
Q

What are the perceptual disorders linked to temporal cortex’ dysfunction ?

A
  • Disorders of auditory, visual or odor perception
  • Memory dysfunction
  • Affect & personality
  • Object & word categorization
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13
Q

What’s the difference between L-R temporal lobes ?

A
  • R temporal lobe : non-verbal information (music, sounds, pictures
  • L temporal lobe : verbal information, word recognition & categorization, speech comprehension
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14
Q

What happens if the L primary auditory cortex is damaged ?

A
  • Auditory agnosia : general inability to perceive & identify complex sounds despite intact hearing
  • Verbal auditory agnosia : word deafness
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15
Q

What specific symptoms are associated with damage to the L auditory areas ?

A
  • Problems with discrimination of sounds
  • Evaluating temporal order of sounds
  • “people talk too quickly”
  • Linked to Wernicke’s aphasia
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16
Q

What happens if the R primary auditory cortex is damaged ?

A
  • Problems in musical perception
  • Congenital amusia : tone deafness
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17
Q

What specific symptoms are associated with damage to the R auditory areas ?

A
  • Problems in musical perception
  • Amusica : not being able to recognize song
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18
Q

What specific symptoms are associated with damage to the L ventral stream ?

A
  • Problems processing verbal information (auditory or written)
  • Associative agnosia
  • Word recognition (alexia)
  • Problems with semantic categorization
  • Problems using contextual information to extract meaning of verbal information
  • Recall of verbal memory
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19
Q

What specific symptoms are associated with damage to the R ventral stream ?

A
  • Problems processing non-verbal information
  • Apperceptive agnosia
  • Impairment in visual recognition : difficulty copying complex figures, unable to recognize faces in ambiguous shadow
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20
Q

What symptoms can we expect of temporal lobe lesions on personality & affect ?

A
  • Affective & personality changes
  • Egocentrism, paranoia, psychosis, burst of anger
  • Hallucinatory experiences
  • Loss of fear response
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21
Q

What’s the role of the frontal lobe ?

A
  • Connects sensory & spatial information with action plans
  • Controls behavior
  • Inhibits inappropriate responses
  • Planning, decision-making, motivation
  • Keeps track of what already happened & what is to come (working memory)
  • Cognitive control : ignoring irrelevant external stimuli
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22
Q

How does the frontal lobe guide decision-making and control behavior ?

A
  • Weighs expected costs & benefits of behavior
  • Integrates current sensory input with past experiences
  • Adjust behavior to the environment
23
Q

What does the Marshmallow Test illustrate about decision-making ?

A
  • Ability to choose between a smaller immediate reward & a delayed larger reward
  • Short-term vs long-term benefits
24
Q

What are the 3 major divisions of the frontal lobe ?

A
  • Motor & premotor cortex
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • Medial frontal cortex (MFC) & anterior cingulate
25
Q

What are the main subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex ?

A
  • Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  • Orbitofrontal cortex
  • Ventromedial cortex
26
Q

In which of the frontal lobe’s functions are the motor & premotor cortices involved ?

A

Decision-making & motor planning

27
Q

In which of the frontal lobe’s functions is the prefrontal cortex involved ?

A

Working memory

28
Q

In which of the frontal lobe’s functions are the MFC & anterior cingulate involved ?

A

Error detection & weighting of expected costs & benefits (for decision-making)

29
Q

From which areas does the DLPFC receive information ?

A

Posterior cortex areas :
- (Parietal) dorsal stream : executed movements
- (Temporal) ventral stream : objects in the environment

30
Q

What are the main functions of the DLPFC ?

A
  • Temporal/working memory
  • Order of events
  • Selecting behavior based on memory
  • Problem solving
31
Q

From which areas do the orbitofrontal cortex & ventromedial PFC receive & project information ?

A
  • Receive from : Temporal lobe : auditory area (STG), visual stream (ITG), polymodal area (STS) & amygdala
  • Projects to : amygdala, hypothalamus & brainstem
32
Q

What are the orbitofrontal cortex & ventromedial PFC’ main functions ?

A
  • Control blood pressure, heart rate, respiration…
  • Physiological changes associated with emotional responses
  • Flight-fight response
33
Q

How do the orbitofrontal cortex and ventromedial PFC contribute to future planning and decision making ?

A
  • Keep track of future outcomes
  • Retrieve information about expected outcomes
  • Use learned norms, rules & personal experiences to guide actions
34
Q

Why is the orbitofrontal cortex important for social behavior ?

A
  • Socially appropriate behavior
  • Adjusting to context
35
Q

How does the ventromedial PFC influence behavior ?

A
  • Guides actions based on past experiences (external associative learning) & personal references (internal goals)
  • Balance immediate reactions with LT goals & social norms
36
Q

What are the primary functions of the medial frontal cortex and cingulate ?

A
  • Weighting information to guide decisions
  • Cognitive, affective & behavioral control
37
Q

What functions are associated with the anterior cingulate cortex ?

A
  • Evaluate expected value of stimuli (benefits, rewards…)
  • Episodic memory
  • Default mode network
38
Q

What roles does the middle cingulate cortex play in decision making ?

A
  • Expected costs of action (effort, pain…)
  • Process pain
  • Detect errors
39
Q

What is the function of the posterior cingulate cortex ?

A
  • Guide & plan decisions
  • Works with premotor regions
40
Q

What are the disorders link to dysfunction of the frontal lobe ?

A
  • Disturbance of motor function
  • Loss of divergent thinking
  • Environmental control of behaviour
  • Poor temporal memory
  • Impaired social behaviour
41
Q

What problems arise from damage to the primary motor cortex ?

A
  • Problems with fine motor sequences
  • Loss of force, speed & strength
42
Q

What motor issues are associated with damage to the premotor cortex ?

A

Problems with whole-body motor sequences

43
Q

What is the role of the frontal eye fields, and what issues can arise from their dysfunction ?

A
  • Frontal eye fields : control eye gaze & visual search tasks
  • Lesion : problems with directing eye movements
44
Q

What motor planning issues are associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ?

A
  • Planning series of movements or actions
  • Issues with facial movements
45
Q

What is corollary discharge and its role in motor control ?

A
  • Corollary discharge : cancelling out the sensation of movement by matching the motor plan with sensory feedback, ensuring the worlds appear stationary when moving the eyes
46
Q

What are the effects of corollary discharge dysfunction on limb movements ?

A
  • Heavy limbs
  • Fatigue, simple movements are effortful
47
Q

What are the effects of frontal orbitofrontal lobe lesions on behavior ?

A
  • Poor performance on verbal & design fluency tests
  • Loss of spontaneous behaviour
  • Loss of motivation
  • Lethargy, apathy & difficulty initiating behaviour
48
Q

What are the signs of frontal lobe damage ?

A
  • Low output
  • Shaky script
  • Rule breaking
  • Perseverance
49
Q

What is divergent thinking ?

A

Ability to generate many different ideas or solutions to a problem (creativity & out-of-the-box thinking)

50
Q

What are the effects of frontal lobe lesions on environmental control of behavior ?

A
  • Poor response inhibition
  • Poor adjustment to changing environment (perseveration)
  • Risk-taking/rule-breaking
  • Self-regulation/episodic memory
  • Associative learning
51
Q

Poor working/temporal memory is linked to a lesion to which area of the frontal lobe ?

A

DLPFC

52
Q

To what symptoms is linked poor temporal/working memory ?

A
  • Problems identifying objects
  • Problems recognize/find location objects & events
  • Problems with temporal order of events
53
Q

What are the symptoms of impaired social behaviour linked to frontal lobe’s lesions ?

A
  • Difficulty understanding meaning of facial expressions
  • Unpredictable, defiant, moody behavior
  • Pseudo-psychopathy (disinhibition, lack of tact & manners…)
  • Pseudo-depressive behavior (lack of initiative, indifference…)
54
Q

What are the different frontal lobe-task ?

A
  • Verbal & design fluency
  • Delayed non-matching to sample task
  • Wisconsin cart sorting test
  • Iowa gambling task
  • STROOP task
  • Rey complex figure task

Brain Dysfunction (13 decks)

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