Lecture 7 - Microbiome and Strokes

Question 1

Alpha vs beta diversity

Answer 1

Alpha = how many species are present in a single individual (and how evenly they are represented)

Beta = difference in diversity BETWEEN two samples

Question 2

Dysbiosis

Answer 2

disruption of the gut microbial diversity and community structure, typically due to reduction in beneficial bacteria and overgrowth of harmful bacteria yeast, and or parasites.

AKA Unbalanced

“HEALTH PROMOTING” “DISEASE PREDISPOSING”???

Question 3

What is the “old friends” hypothesis

Answer 3

increase in chronic inflammatory disorders in high income countries

d/t failing immunoregulation from reduced exposure to the microbial environment within which the mammalian immune system co-evolved.

AKA not gettign exposed to what we need to be exposed to (remmeber: different biome in rural vs urban)

INFLAMATION is related to many psychiatric disorders (why when sick feel depressed)

Question 4

“old friends” hypothesis: Psychiatric disorders

Answer 4

“…some psychiatric disorders in developed countries might be attributable to failure of immunoregulatory circuits to terminate ongoing inflammatory responses.”

AKA we aren’t getting exposed to what we used to and so we see increase in inflammation

INFLAMATION is related to many psychiatric disorders (why when sick feel depressed)

Question 5

Why loss of consciousness in SAH? (Subarachnoid Hemorrhage)

Answer 5

The ‘percussive’ blood pressure impact of the hemorrhage
increase ICP (intracranial pressure) and therefore reduces
CPP (cerebral perfusion pressure)

1) hemorrhage
2) increase of ICP
3) reduces CPP
4) out

Question 6

Hunt-Hess and Fischer Scale

Answer 6

The Hunt and Hess scale: describes the clinical severity of subarachnoid hemorrhage resulting from the rupture of an intracerebral aneurysm and is used as a predictor of survival. SYMPTOMS

The Fisher scale: classifying the amount of subarachnoid hemorrhage on CT scans, and is useful in predicting the occurrence and severity of cerebral vasospasm. CT SCAN

Question 7

Hunt-Hess and Fischer Scale: grade I and grade V

Answer 7

Grade 1:
- Hunt/Hess: asymptomatic or minimal headache, slight rigidity
- Fischer: no blood seen

Grade 5:
- Hunt/Hess: deep coma (posturing or no motor response to pain) –> 100 mortality in one study or something
- Fischer:

Question 8

Hemiplegia vs Hemiparesis

Answer 8

Hemiplegia: Paralysis affecting one side of the body (Face, arm, trunk, leg)

Hemiparesis: Implies a lesser degree of weakness than hemiplegia (weakness not paralysis)

Question 9

Neglect

Answer 9

Failure to attend to, respond to, and/or report stimulation that is introduced contralateral to the lesion.

Most often seen with non-dominant parietal association area lesions.

Affects contralesional side (lesion on left, neglect right side)

Persistent neglect is a negative functional outcome predictor

Question 10

Agnosia

Answer 10

Acquired inability to associate a perceived unimodal stimulus (i.e. visual, auditory,
tactile) with meaning.

Disorder of recognition (not naming)

AKA can you recognize something?

THINK: “I don’t know” “agnosia”