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Psychophysiology - Final > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two dopamine pathways

A

Mesolimbic and mesocortical

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2
Q

Mesolimbic

A

route between VTA, Nucleus accumbens, and limbic system (hippocampus & amygdala)
* Key Pathway in Pleasure and Reward.
* Substance use

EMOTIONAL aspect of wanting to use a substance again

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3
Q

Mesocortical

A

route between VTA/Nucleus accumbens and PFC.

BEHAVIORAL aspect of going and getting drug

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4
Q

What hormone does stress release and how does that impact the brain

A

cortcotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released
* Strengthens the Amygdala (strengthens emotional response)
* Weakens the hippocampus & prefrontal cortex (hippocampus: don’t want to remember)

Ex. you don’t remember stress of taking drugs,
but remember how it feels good. Why so easy to relapse (especially since your PFC isn’t working)

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5
Q

What is the role of stress and substance use

A

You are then at greater risk for substance use

  • Negative emotional state
  • Lack of executive control =↑ risk of relapse
  • Memory of relief/cravings
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6
Q

______ adol with reported abuse/neglect will develop a SUD before 18

A

1/3 adol with reported abuse/neglect will develop a SUD before 18.

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7
Q

_______ of those with PTSD developing chemical dependencies.

A

2-4x of those with PTSD developing chemical dependencies.

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8
Q

SGM across lifespan = ↑ risk of TUD and AUD + homelessness = ________ times

SGM: sexual and gender minorities

A

SGM across lifespan = ↑ risk of TUD and AUD + homelessness = 5x

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9
Q

COVID-19 = ↑ _______ increase in AUD

A

COVID-19 = ↑ 23% increase in AUD

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10
Q

CDC guidlines for drinking – is drinking okay?

A

Small amounts of drinking still ↑ risk of CVD-related illnesses BUT Risks attenuated by healthy lifestyle

(so a little is okay if you live healthy lifestyle)

Moderate drinking guidelines (CDC)
* Females = up to 1 drink per day
* Males = up to 2 drinks per day

Heavy Drinking
* Females = 8 or more per week
* Males = 15 or more per week

Binge Drinking (in 2-3 hours)
* Females = 4 or more
* males = 5 or more

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11
Q

Moderate drinking guidelines (CDC)

A

Moderate drinking guidelines (CDC)
* Females = up to 1 drink per day
* Males = up to 2 drinks per day

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12
Q

Heavy drinking (CDC)

A

Heavy Drinking
* Females = 8 or more per week
* Males = 15 or more per week

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13
Q

Binge drinking (CDC)

A

Binge Drinking (in 2-3 hours)
* Females = 4 or more
* males = 5 or more

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14
Q

Impacts of stimulants on the brain

A

Stimulants impact the brain’s levels of epinephrine/norepinephrine (E/NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT).
* Stimulants impact each to a varying degree (selectivity).
* Cause alertness, attention, energy.

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15
Q

Medical uses for stimulants

A

Several medical uses and rich history

History: Freud’s Uber Coca (he used and gave clients cocaine)

Pain management, ADHD, asthma, obesity, narcolepsy

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16
Q

Primary risk factors with stimulants

A
  • Reduced seizure threshold
  • ↑ BP, HR, HTN = ↑ risk of stroke, MI
  • Poor appetite, mood swings, anxiety, insomnia
  • Toxic levels = paranoia, psychosis
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17
Q

Endocannabinoid system

A

The endocannabinoid system comprises a vast network of chemical signals and cellular receptors that are densely packed throughout our brains and bodies. A neuromodulation system.

CB1 and CB2 Receptors

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18
Q

CB1 vs CB2

A

CB1 receptor –> THC
* ↑ in brain and lower conc. wide spread
* Mediates most of the psychoactive
effects of cannabinoids.

CB2 receptor –> CBD
* Principally involved in anti-inflammatory
and immunosuppressive actions.

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19
Q

Neuromodulator vs neurotransmitter

A

Neurotransmitter: a chemical used for a neuron-to-neuron communication

Neuromodulator: a chemical that affects the neurotransmission of a whole group of neurons

GROUP VS INDIVIDUAL

20
Q

Phytocannabinoid

A

biologically active compound found in cannabis

Most notable cannabinoids: is delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) & cannabidiol (CBD)

21
Q

THC vs HEMP

A

THC Content = <.3% = hemp; >.3% = marijuana

22
Q

Anandamide

A

an endocannabinoid (neuromodulator) found in the
endocannabinoid system.

  • THC mimics anandamide –> effecting the endocannabinoid system.
  • THC much more potent than anandamide
  • Effects energy, mood, appetite, and perception of time.
23
Q

Absorption: Cannabinoids

A
  • Inhalation – peak plasma conc. 3-10 mins; bioavailability = 10%-35%
  • Oral – peak plasma conc. ~ 120 mins, bioavailability = 6%- 20%
24
Q

Distribution: Cannabinoids

A
  • Rapidly to well-vascularized organs (where receptors for weed are concentrated)
  • Accumulates in adipose tissue (body fat, exercise helps release)
25
Q

Metabolism: Cannabinoids

A
  • Predominantly hepatic (liver)
  • Able to cross the placenta; released in breast milk
26
Q

Excreted: Cannabinoids

A
  • Excreted through urine, feces, and sweat.
27
Q

What is the primary source of fuel for the brain?

And why is it important

A

Sugar! (aka glucose)

  • ~20% of glucose-derived energy
  • Is necessary - provides precursors for NT synthesis & apoptosis
  • Glucose levels correlated with thinking, memory, learning
28
Q

High sugar diets

A

High sugar diets = ↓ brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF)

  • BDNF modulates growth, development and communication between synapses.
  • decreased levels of BDNF = ↑ risk of neurodegenerative d/os d/t atrophy and small vessel disease
29
Q

How much sugar per year do americans consume and how many tsps are recommended per day

A

Americans consume 156 lbs of sugar per year

AMA recommends 6-9 tsps per day

30
Q

Technology Addiction/”Internet Gaming Disorder”:

Teens aged 13-18 spent about ______ hours a day on screens

A

Teens aged 13-18 spent about 8.4 hours a day on screens

31
Q

Technology Addiction/”Internet Gaming Disorder”:

What is addicting

A

“Likes”, “Re-Tweets”, “Novelty” = ↑ Mesolimbic Activation

  • Need to check alerts = Compulsion?
32
Q

Technology Addiction/”Internet Gaming Disorder”:

Increase use is associated with

A

↑ SUD, ADHD, Depression, Anxiety, poor coping

33
Q

Technology Addiction/”Internet Gaming Disorder”:

Covid-19

A

Triggers: boredom, isolation, low self-esteem

34
Q

Technology Addiction/”Internet Gaming Disorder”:

Center of Internet and Technology Addiction: assessments

A

Digital Distraction Test

Smartphone Compulsion Test

Virtual Addiction Test

35
Q

The VMPFC is in charge of

A

Impulse Control, Courage, Moral-Decision Making

interface b/t emotional responses & control of complex behaviors (using emotional reactions to guide behaviors)

36
Q

Patient E.R. with bilateral damage of the VMPFC

A

Excellent social judgment in VERBAL responses to hypothetical situations, expansive reasoning shared

Real life situations = unable to prioritize b/t trivial and important decision

AKA knew what was right, but not able to behave/do anything with that information

37
Q

VMPFC and Courage

A

Courage = ↑ VMPFC Activation

38
Q

VMPFC and impulsive and emotional murders

A

↓ VMPFC activation vs. Calculating/Careful (typical brain patterns)

39
Q

VMPFC and antisocial PD

A

↓ 11% of gray matter in VMPFC

40
Q

Photos of romantic partners does what to your brain

A
  • ↑ Caudate Nucleus (processes visual information & controls movement)
  • ↑ Ventral Tegmental Area (mediates reward system) = ↑ hyperfocus
41
Q

When in love….

A

↑ Cortisol & Adrenalin

Increased HR, sweating, anxiety, nervousness

Decreased appetite, concentration

Dilated eyes

42
Q

Love and PFC

A

↓ PFC activation (d/t “fight or flight”) = reduced social judgement and increased risk taking

43
Q

Post orgasm in men and women

A
  • In women: ↑ oxytocin = feelings of attachment & bonding
  • In men: ↑ vasopressin = vigilance and need to guard/protect partner
44
Q

Pharmacokinetics of Ethanol

A

Absorption: GI Tract = 20% stomach & 80% small intestine (several variables)

Metabolism: Primarily hepatic (90%) (see next slide for details)

Excretion = Urine
* Diuretic properties –> decreased nutrients & dehydration

Intoxication = consuming etoh faster than liver can break it down

45
Q

Pharmacokinetics of Ethanol: metabolism

A

Metabolized by Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) (requires B vitamins) –> Acetaldehyde

Acetaldehyde (toxic, carcinogenic, prevents absorption of nutrients) metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) –> Acetate

(Approximately 36% of East Asian subjects experience an alcohol induced flush reaction d/t deficient enzyme levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Psychophysiology - Final (9 decks)

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