Lecture 6 Flashcards
Broca’s area
Non fluent speech (speech if slow and broken)–> broken words, hard time with speech production (broken, not fluid) BUT they can understand fine
Motor issues
Frontal lobe
Bad Mother Fucker
(broca, motor, frontal)
Wernicke’s Area
Fluent (speech is normal and excessive but makes NO sense)
Sensory
Temporal lobe
Broca and Wernicke’s on a map
Broca in front of motor area, wernickes after motor, near auditory corte
Receptive vs expressive aphasia
Receptive: Wernicke’s (they can speak fine, but doesn’t make sense)
Expressive: Brocas (can express language, can’t understand)
Definition of learning
acquisition of new information
Refers to the process by which experiences change our nervous system and our behavior
Stages of learning
Stage 1: Echoic memory, sensory information
- information first processed through our senses
- < 1 second
Stage 2: short term memory, meaningful and salient information
- < 1 minute
- Can support via repitition or chunking (7 +/- 2 rule – you can remember 7 things plus or minus 2)
Stage 3: Long term memory
- consolidation: short term memories are converted into long term memories
- Can be retrieved across a lifetime
- increases retrieval (ie rehearsal) = strengthening of memory
- involves hippocampus
Observational learning
AKA Social learning theory
Process of learning by watching the behaviors of Models –> ex. daughter watches mom put on lipstick, she puts on lipstick. How mom reacts (positively or negatively) will influence if daughter does that again
Occurs via operant coniditoning and vicarious conidtioning
–> vicarious: watching sister get in trouble, won’t do what she did
Modes: either prosocial models (prompts engagement in helpful and healthy ways) OR antisocial modeling (prompts others to engage in aggressive/unhealthy bx)
Observational learning: more likely to mimic models who…
positive perception (well liked, high status)
shared traits
stand out (mimic someone who stands out because they are creative, different, etc.)
Familiarity (want to be like someone who doesn’t stand out, going back to individuals they know, ex. abuse cycle)
Self-efficacy and mimicry: going to mimic things you can do (things that are in reach)
Observational learning: social media and videogames
Social media: branding psychology, trying to create the things above that you are more likely to mimic. The power of influencers; they have high status, they highlight their shared traits (just like you), etc.
Violence in videogames: people watch violent images, so you retain them and then produce them
Three main brain arteries
anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior cerebral artery
Middle Cerebral Artery Strokes (MCA) are _____ of strokes
90%
Middle Cerebral Artery Strokes (MCA)
Largest of the brain arteries
Supplies most of the outer surface of the frontal, parietal, temporal lobes and the basal ganglia.
* Including pre-central (sensory) and postcentral
(motor) gyrus
MCA Stroke Symptoms
Contralateral weaknesses and sensory loss in upper extremities
–> remember: left effects right
Loss of visual field
Left MCA stroke: speech deficits
- brocas
- wernickes
Right MCA stroke: neglect and poor movitation
- flat prosody
- ex. neglect of left side, won’t notice if left art stuck in door
Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) stroke – general
Less common (left ACA more common than R ACA)
Feeds deep structures in brain, frontal, parietal, corupus callosum, and bottom of cerebrum
Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) stroke – symptoms
Contralateral motry and sensory loss in lower extremeties
poor gait and coordination (clumsy)
slowed initiation (abulia) –> takes longer to do things
flat affect
urinary incontinence
ACA vs MCA strokes
ACA: contralateral lower extremity deficits
MCA: contralateral upper extremity and face deficits
Depression and strokes treatment
KNOW
Post-Stroke Depression Psychosis Treatment = Early Psychopharmacologic treatment is KEY
Depression and strokes: depression
GET THEM ON MEDS, therapy not enough
- Post stroke depression = 1/3 of survivors
- 6x ↑ risk of depression 2-3 years post stroke
- More common in L frontal and basal ganglia strokes
- adversely effects functional recovery
- ↑ Risk Factors = Premorbid depression & Social
isolation post stroke
Psychiatric Considerations Post-Stroke: Anxiety
1/4 meet GAD criteria post stroke
less common
Psychiatric Considerations Post-Stroke: Psychosis
More common in right-temporo-parietal-occipito
area lesions, seizures, and subcortical atrophy
Pseudobulbar Affect (episodes of sudden uncontrollable and inappropriate laughing or crying) = 10-15% post stroke patients
Hypomanic symptoms = 1%
If you suspect a stroke, BE FAST
KNOW
Supplements: deficiency vitamin D
Correlated with depression/negative emotions
Concurrent use with anti-depressants supportive –> good depression treatment
the more melanin your skin has, the harder it is to synthezize vit d
Nearly 40-50% of men and women in the Denver metro area are deficient in vitamin D
Supplements: magnesium deficiency
w/stress can increase agitation, anxiety, sleeplessness, headaches, and apathy
Can treat restless leg syndrome
Slow response time to reach steady state via oral supplementation (30+ weeks) –> if you are VERY defficient, might need infusion
Supplements: Omega-3 Fatty Oils
Add on treatment for depression (strong evidence good with therapy)
For ADHD, some evidence could be helpful
Anorexia: heritability
Hereditary: 58-76% in twin studies
Anorexia: impact on brain
Assocaited with:
- loss of gray and white matter in the brain
- enlarged ventricles and widened sulci (shirnkage of brain tissue)
- inhibited emotional facial expression despite reporting similar or more intense emotions (saying they are really depressed but not showing it)
- tissue loss can be reversed with successful treatment!
Anorexia: Starvation study
Starvation study:
* 6 months ate at 50% of baseline
* Loss 25% body weight
* Demonstrated preoccupation w/food, ritualistic eating, erratic mood, impaired cognition, slowed eating/lingering
* Post-study = complained of fat on their abdomens and legs
Anorexia: Excessive exercise study
- starved mice run on wheel more than well-feed mice –> food seeking?
Anorexia: gender differences research
Gender differences:
* women ate less post-fast than men
Research hypothesis on anorexia
restricted food access = starvation = anorexia?
Anorexia treatment
CBT, increasing eating speed, stimulation of ACC
