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ENS 307 > Lecture 7 - Involuntary Movement > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Involuntary Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of movement?

A

Voluntary movement and involuntary movement

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2
Q

What is voluntary movement?

A

Conscious decision to perform an activity. It is goal directed, highly modifiable movement

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3
Q

What is involuntary movement?

A

Subconscious. Involves posture and reflexes. Less modifiable

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4
Q

What is posture?

A

The configuration of the body. How your body is oriented. The situation or disposition of the several parts of the body with respect to each other for a particular purpose

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5
Q

What is the importance of posture?

A

Posture supports the head and body against gravity and external forces and stabilizes supporting body parts while others are moved

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6
Q

How must posture be maintained to prevent falling from occurring?

A

Center of mass must be over base of support

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7
Q

What is the base of support?

A

The area in and around contact area to the ground

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8
Q

What is the center of mass?

A

The concentration point of mass in the body, usually around the naval

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9
Q

What are the types of postural adjustments?

A

Anticipatory postural adjustments and compensatory postural adjustments

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10
Q

What are anticipatory postural adjustments?

A

Predicted disturbances that are modified by experience that occur before voluntary movement. “Preprogrammed responses”

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11
Q

What are compensatory postural adjustments?

A

Adjustments dependent on sensory feedback following a loss of balance. It is rapid, stereotyped movement that can be modified.

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12
Q

What are spinal motor reflexes?

A

A stereotyped response to a specific sensory stimulus

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13
Q

What do spinal motor reflexes represent?

A

The basic form of motor coordination

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of spinal motor reflexes?

A

Involuntary, rapid, and stereotyped

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15
Q

What type of responses are reflexes?

A

Graded responses. Response is based on the intensity of the stimulus and locus/location of the stimulus

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16
Q

What do spinal motor reflexes test?

A

The integrity of neural circuitry/pathways

17
Q

Why are spinal reflexes essential in voluntary movement?

A

They are recruited by higher brain centers. They are elementary circuits on which more complex behaviors are built upon

18
Q

What is it the reflex pathway?

A

Stimulus -> sensory receptor -> afferent pathway -> CNS (spinal cord) -> efferent pathway -> muscle (response)

19
Q

Where does afferent information enter in a reflex pathway?

A

Dorsal horn

20
Q

Where does efferent information enter in a reflex pathway?

A

Ventral horn

21
Q

How long does latency last during a reflex pathway?

A

75 ms

22
Q

What factors affect latency?

A

Length of pathway and number of synapses

23
Q

What is the function of a spinal stretch reflex?

A

To regulate muscle length

24
Q

What is the simplest spinal stretch reflex?

A

Monosynaptic

25
Q

What type of reflex is the most neurologically tested?

A

Spinal stretch reflex

26
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

Assists in maintaining posture. Allows muscles to store energy to become more efficient.

27
Q

What is a tendon tap test?

A

Uses a mallet to tap tendon to produce a quick stretch of muscle to cause a contraction

28
Q

What does a tendon tap test look for?

A

The integrity of neural arc

29
Q

What is a Jendrassik maneuver?

A

Super reflexes. Arousal levels are amped up by clenching teeth of hands to enable doctor to see the reflex

30
Q

What are central pattern generators?

A

Neuronal circuits that produce rhythmic motor patterns such as walking in the absence of sensory or descending inputs that carry specific timing information

31
Q

What type of movement is a central pattern generator?

A

Involuntary

32
Q

What types of animals have central pattern generators?

A

Leeches and cats

ENS 307 (12 decks)

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