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ENS 307 > Lecture 10 - Parkinson's Disease > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Parkinson's Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What type of disorder is Parkinson’s Disease?

A

A chronic, progressive movement disorder

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2
Q

What type of dysfunction does Parkinson’s Disease cause?

A

Basal ganglia dysfunction

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3
Q

What in the basal ganglia is affected?

A

The substantia nigra die

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4
Q

What is the importance of the substantia niagra?

A

They serve as a dopamine neurotransmitter which is important for movement related functions

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5
Q

How was Parkinson’s named in 5,000 BC by the Indian medical system?

A

“Kampayata” or “shaking palsy”

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6
Q

How did Chinese medicine contribute to the classification of Parkinson’s in 500 BC?

A

Described the symptoms and treatments

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7
Q

How did Ancient Roman physicians contribute to the classification of Parkinson’s?

A

Described symptoms, facial expressions, and various treatments

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8
Q

What essay did James Parkinson publish in 1817?

A

“An Essay on the Shaking Palsy”

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9
Q

Who made observations of people that characterized Parkinsonism symptoms in 1877?

A

Jean Martin Charcot

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10
Q

When were chemical differences in the brains of Parkinson’s patients identified?

A

1968

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11
Q

What became the gold standard treatment for Parkinson’s in 1968?

A

Levodopa

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12
Q

What transmitter to the basal ganglia produce?

A

Dopamine

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13
Q

What does dopamine enable the communication of?

A

The substantia nigra and corpus striatum

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14
Q

When does Parkinson’s clinically present?

A

When 50% to 70% of the dopaminergic neurons degenerate

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15
Q

What are dopaminergic neurons susceptible to in Parkinson’s?

A

Abnormalities in mitochondrial complex I

Aggregation of alpha synuclein

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16
Q

What occurs as a result of the abnormal protein handling and neuron death of dopaminergic neurons?

A

Lewy bodies

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17
Q

How can Lewy bodies be detected?

A

MRI scan

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18
Q

What is the greatest known genetic contributor to Parkinson’s disease?

A

LRRK2

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19
Q

What is the risk of Parkinson’s in a 59 year old with the LRRK2 mutation?

A

28%

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20
Q

What is the risk of Parkinson’s in a 69 year old with the LRRK2 mutation?

A

51%

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21
Q

What is the risk of Parkinson’s in a 79 year old with the LRRK2 mutation?

A

74%

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22
Q

How many American’s live with Parkinson’s?

A

One million

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23
Q

What percentage of persons ages 60 years and older does Parkinson’s effect?

A

1-2%

24
Q

How many more times likely are men to have Parkinson’s than women?

A

One and a half times

25
Q

Complications from Parkinson’s disease is ranked the ____ leading cause of death by the CDC?

A

14th

26
Q

How many Americans are diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease per year?

A

50,000 to 60,000

27
Q

What are the three types of Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Adult-onset, young-onset, and juvinille

28
Q

What is the most common type of Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Adult-onset

29
Q

What is the average age of Adult-onset Parkinson’s Disease?

A

60 years old

30
Q

What is the age of onset in Young-onset Parkinson’s Disease?

A

21-40 years old

31
Q

What is the age of onset in Juvenile Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Before the age of 21

32
Q

What is the annual economic impact of Parkinson’s disease in the US according to the American Journal of Managed Care?

A

~10.8 billion

33
Q

What is the cost of drugs commonly used to treat Parkinson’s per patient per year?

A

$2,500 - $6,000

34
Q

How much does institutional care at an assisted-living facility or nursing home cost per person annually for Parkinson’s?

A

$100,000

35
Q

What are some motor signs and symptoms of Parkinson’s?

A 
Tremor
Bradykinesia
Rigid muscles
Impaired posture and balance
Loss of automatic movements
Speech changes
Writing changes
36
Q

What is the main symptom associated with Parkinson’s?

A

Tremor

37
Q

What is bradykinesia?

A

Slowing of movement

38
Q

What type of writing changes occur as a result of Parkinson’s?

A

Micrographia

39
Q

What is micrographia?

A

Smaller handwriting that trails off and gets smaller

40
Q

What are some non-motor signs and symptoms associated with Parkinson’s?

A

Sleep Disturbances
Olfactory problems
Pain
Constipation

41
Q

What kinds of sleep disturbances are associated with Parkinson’s?

A

RBD
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
Sleep apnea or hyponea
Restless Leg Symptom

42
Q

What is RBD?

A

A sleep disorder characterized by waking dreams where the individual acts out the dream.

43
Q

What sleep disorder has a higher conversion into Parkinson’s?

A

RBD

44
Q

What is Braak’s hypothesis?

A

The theory that non-motor symptoms are the most predictable and should be focused on to detect Parkinson’s to enable earlier intervention

45
Q

Is there a cure to Parkinson’s?

A

No

46
Q

What is the current recommended treatment for Parkinson’s?

A

Levodopa

47
Q

How does levodopa work?

A

It is a dopamine replacement strategy. It is a precursor that is turned into dopamine in the body to increase dopamine levels

48
Q

What symptoms does levodopa treat in Parkinson’s patients?

A

Stiffness
Tremors
Spasms
Poor muscle control

49
Q

What are some limitations of levodopa?

A

The body easily adapts to treatment and gets lazy. It kills of needed dopamine cells because of the increase in dopamine and can further progress the disease

50
Q

What are other types of medication used to treat Parkinson’s?

A

Dopamine agonist
COMT
MAO-B inhibitors
Amantadine

51
Q

How is dopamine agonist used to treat Parkinson’s?

A

By tricking the brain into thinking it has received the dopamine it requires

52
Q

How is COMT (Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase) used to treat Parkinson’s?

A

By prolonging the effect of levodopa by blocking its metabolism

53
Q

How are MAO-B inhibitors used to treat Parkinson’s?

A

By blocking the enzyme that breaks down levadopa

54
Q

How is amantadine used to treat Parkinson’s?

A

By promoting the release of dopamine from nerve terminals and blocking dopamine reuptake

55
Q

What are some other non-medication treatments for Parkinson’s?

A

Nutrition
Stem cell therapy
Exercise
Deep brain stimulation

ENS 307 (12 decks)

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