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ENS 307 > Lecture 6 - Voluntary Movement > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Voluntary Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What is a simple model of motor control?

A

Sensory input -> processing -> motor response

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2
Q

What does the function of the brain in the nervous system?

A

It is the control center of the nervous system

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3
Q

What are the functions of the brain?

A

Memory, language, attention, emotions, movement

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4
Q

How has the brain evolved?

A

deep regions are responsible for more basic functions (breathing), further regions are responsible for simple functions (basic thought), furthest regions are more responsible for most complex functions (sensory info)

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5
Q

What is the function of the frontal cortex?

A

To receive information from the many brain areas and process it. Makes decisions/plans for movement

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6
Q

What is the most densely connected part of the brain?

A

The frontal cortex

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7
Q

What part of the brain is larger in humans than other animals?

A

The frontal cortex

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8
Q

What is reaction time?

A

A reflection of the amount of planning necessary to make movement. It is a base measure of how good you are at processing information

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9
Q

What is Fitts Law?

A

Movement time is directly related to target distance and inversely related to target size

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10
Q

Who was Wilder Penfield?

A

A neurophysiologist in the 1950’s who mapped out the motor cortex by using electrical stimulation to cause muscle contraction

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11
Q

What does an fMRI estimate?

A

The metabolism in neurons.

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12
Q

What is an fRMI used for?

A

To map blood flow in the brain and look at structure.

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13
Q

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A

A coiled figure 8 with a vertex that fires APs to produce movement

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14
Q

What is the function of the motor cortex?

A

To specify details of the movement such as direction, speed, and magnitude

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15
Q

What are the divisions of the motor cortex?

A

Premotor, supplementary motor, and primary motor.

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16
Q

What is the function of the premotor cortex?

A

Planning

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17
Q

What is the function of the supplementary cortex?

A

Help during complicated movement to give more processing power

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18
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

Plans direction, how far, and how fast

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19
Q

What is the motor homunculus?

A

Representation of how various parts of the body are represented in the motor cortex. Hands and mouth are the largest

20
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

Directly behind the brainstem, below the visual cortex

21
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Coordination, balance, posture, and maintaining equilibrium

22
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Series of motor nuclei deep in the brain

23
Q

What is the basal ganglia responsible for?

A

Movement regulation and skill learning

24
Q

What is the left hemisphere responsible for?

A

Verbal, specification of force, the right side of the body

25
Q

What is the right hemisphere responsible for?

A

Tactile discrimination, spatial discrimination, and the left side of the body

26
Q

How do the left and right hemisphere communicate?

A

Through the corpus callosum

27
Q

What is a callosotomy?

A

Cut of the corpus callosum to stop excessive electrical spread

28
Q

What is a callosotomy used to treat?

A

Epilepsy

29
Q

What is the function of the spinal chord?

A

“Information highway,” serves as a link between brain and PNS/muscles, does some information processing

30
Q

What does the spinal chord consist of?

A

White matter and gray matter

31
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated axon fibers

32
Q

Which region of the spinal chord can white matter be found?

A

In the ascending and descending tracts

33
Q

What does gray matter consist of?

A

Cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

34
Q

Which region of the spinal chord can gray matter be found?

A

The H shape central region

35
Q

Which root brings information to the spinal chord (afferent)?

A

Dorsal root

36
Q

Which root brings information away from the spinal chord (efferent)?

A

Ventral root

37
Q

Which side of the spinal chord can the dorsal root be found?

A

The back side

38
Q

Which side of the spinal chord can the ventral root be found?

A

The front side

39
Q

What does a motor unit consist of?

A

Motor neurons and all the muscle fibers it innervates

40
Q

How many motor units are in a muscle?

A

The number of units varies based on function

41
Q

How do motor units function?

A

All fibers contract simultaneously

42
Q

What is recruitment?

A

The addition of motor units to increase force

43
Q

How are motor units recruited?

A

Small first and then increasingly large (size principle)

44
Q

What is firing frequency?

A

The increase in the firing rate of the neuron to increase the force

45
Q

What is firing frequency known as?

A

“rate coding”

46
Q

How can can muscle force be scaled?

A

Recruitment and firing frequency

ENS 307 (12 decks)

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