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ENS 307 > Lecture 13 - Spinal Chord Injury - Quadriplegia > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Spinal Chord Injury - Quadriplegia Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the spinal cord extend from?

A

From the medulla oblongata to L1

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2
Q

What does the lower part of the spinal cord taper to form?

A

The conus medullaris

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3
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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4
Q

What kinds of spinal nerves are there?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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5
Q

How many cervical nerves are there?

A

8

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6
Q

How many thoracic nerves are there?

A

12

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7
Q

How many lumbar nerves are there?

A

5

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8
Q

How many sacral nerves are there?

A

5

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9
Q

How many coccygeal nerves are there?

A

1

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10
Q

Which spinal cord root contains sensory fibers?

A

Dorsal root

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11
Q

Which spinal cord root contains motor fibers?

A

Ventral root

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12
Q

What does the grey matter of the spinal cord contain?

A

Sensory and motor nerve cells

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13
Q

What does the white matter of the spinal cord contain?

A

Ascending/descending tracts

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14
Q

What are the three tracts of the spinal column?

A

Posterior column, lateral corticospinal tract, and lateral spinothalamic tract

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15
Q

What is the posterior column responsible for?

A

Fine touch, light pressure, and proprioception

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16
Q

What is the lateral corticospinal tract responsible for?

A

Skilled voluntary movement

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17
Q

What is the lateral spinothalamic tract responsible for?

A

Pain and temperature sensation

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18
Q

What is a spinal cord injury?

A

Insult to the spinal cord resulting in a change in the normal motor, sensory, or automatic function

19
Q

What are some mechanisms of injury of a spinal cord injury?

A

Direct trauma
Compression by bone fragments/hematoma/disc material
Ischemia from damage/impingement on spinal arteries

20
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Lack of blood

21
Q

What is the leading cause of spinal cord injuries in the US?

A

Motor vehicle accidents

22
Q

What are the top four leading causes of spinal cord injuries?

A

Motor vehicle accidents, falls, violence, and sports

23
Q

What is the number one sport associated with spinal cord injuries?

A

Horseback riding

24
Q

What age group at greatest risk for spinal cord injury?

A

16 - 30 years old

25
Q

What percentage of cases occur in the age group at greatest risk for a spinal cord injury?

A

55%

26
Q

What sex is at greatest risk for spinal cord injury?

A

Male

27
Q

What percentage of spinal cord injuries are male?

A

81.6%

28
Q

What determines the signs and symptoms experienced by a spinal cord injury?

A

The level and extent of the damage

29
Q

What levels of damage can occur from a spinal cord injury?

A

Dematomes and myotomes

30
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

The area of skin innervated by sensory axons within a particular segmental nerve root

31
Q

How does a dermatome help determine the level of injury?

A

Indicates if sensory functions were damaged

32
Q

What is a myotome?

A

A segmental nerve root innervating a muscle

33
Q

How does a myotome help determine the level of injury?

A

Indicates if motor functions were damaged

34
Q

What extent of damage can occur from a spinal cord injury?

A

Complete or incomplete

35
Q

What occurs as a result of a complete spinal cord injury?

A

Loss of voluntary movement of parts innervated by segment
Loss of sensation
Spinal shock

36
Q

What occurs as a result of an incomplete spinal cord injury?

A

Limited function below site of injury

Recognizable patterns in injury (varied, rarely pure)

37
Q

How can spinal cord injuries be classified?

A

Quadriplegia, paraplegia, and hemiplegia

38
Q

What is quadriplegia?

A

Injury that occurs in the cervical region affecting all four extremities

39
Q

What is paraplegia?

A

Injury that occurs in the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral segments affecting two extremities

40
Q

What is heniplegia?

A

Injury that occurs affecting only one side of the body

41
Q

Is there a cure for spinal cord injury?

A

No

42
Q

What types of treatments exist for spinal cord injuries?

A

Physical therapy/assistive technology, stem cells/neurostimulation, and exoskeletons

43
Q

How are stem cells/neurostimulation used to help treat spinal cord injuries?

A

They attempt to get neurons to reattach to the spinal cord

44
Q

How are exoskeletons used to treat spinal cord injuries?

A

By placing electrodes on the spinal cord below injury site and using an impulse to stimulate muscles and cause a contraction

ENS 307 (12 decks)

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