Lecture 3 - Neuromuscular Components

Question 1

What are the two systems necessary for movement?

Answer 1

Nervous system (control) and muscular system (muscle)

Question 2

What is the function of the nervous system during movement?

Answer 2

To dictate muscle activity, nerves are the “controllers”

Question 3

What is the function of the muscular system during movement?

Answer 3

To create movement via contraction/relaxation of the muscle fibers, muscles are the “motors”

Question 4

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 4

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 5

What are the two types of cells in the nervous system?

Answer 5

Neurons and glia

Question 6

What are the neurons?

Answer 6

Nerve cells. Receive, process and output information. The basic functional unit of the nervous system

Question 7

What are glia?

Answer 7

Support cells. Nurture and repair neurons. Insulate, support and nourish neurons. Greek for glue.

Question 8

What are the components of the central nervous system?

Answer 8

The brain and spinal chord

Question 9

How large is the brain?

Answer 9

1.3 kg (3 lbs)

Question 10

How many neurons are in the brain?

Answer 10

> 100 billion

Question 11

How many glia cells are in the brain?

Answer 11

> 1 trillion

Question 12

How long is the spinal chord?

Answer 12

~44 cm (20 in)

Question 13

How much does the spinal chord weigh?

Answer 13

35-40 g (0.08 lbs)

Question 14

What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 14

Neurons and glia that are not entirely contained within the brain/spinal chord

Question 15

What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 15

The autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system

Question 16

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 16

To control smooth muscle of internal organs and glands

Question 17

What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

Answer 17

To send sensory information to the CNS and motor info to the muscles

Question 18

Which division of the peripheral nervous system is essential to movement?

Answer 18

The somatic nervous system

Question 19

What are the basic components of a neuron?

Answer 19

The nucleus, dendrite, cell body, axon, and presynaptic terminal

Question 20

What is the function of a nucleus in a neuron?

Answer 20

It is the genetic center of the cell.

Question 21

What is the function of the dendrite in a neuron?

Answer 21

To receive information from all other neurons

Question 22

What is the function of a cell body in a neuron?

Answer 22

To sum information from dendrites and other terminals

Question 23

What is the function of an axon in a neuron?

Answer 23

To transmit information from the cell body

Question 24

What is the function of the presynaptic terminal in a neuron?

Answer 24

To attach to other neurons to relay information

Question 25

What are the types of neurons?

Answer 25

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.

Question 26

What are sensory neurons?

Answer 26

Neurons that deliver information to the CNS from endings on the surface of the body and within muscles and tendons. They give us information about the body relative to the environment

Question 27

Are sensory neurons afferent or efferent?

Answer 27

Sensory neurons are afferent. They carry info towards the CNS

Question 28

What are motor neurons?

Answer 28

Neurons that are connected to muscles cells which cause muscle contractions (movement.) They are necessary to perform any type of voluntary movement

Question 29

Are motor neurons afferent or efferent?

Answer 29

Motor neurons are efferent. They carry info away from the CNS

Question 30

What are interneurons?

Answer 30

Neurons with no direct role in 'sensing" the internal or external environment or causing the contraction of the muscles. They are necessary for performing processing functions (ex. memory) and account for the majority of neurons.

Question 31

Where are sensory neurons located?

Answer 31

The PNS

Question 32

Where are interneurons located?

Answer 32

The CNS

Question 33

Where are motor neurons located?

Answer 33

The CNS (axon and PS terminal) and PNS (cell body and dendrites)

Question 34

What is the ratio of glial cells to neurons?

Answer 34

10:1

Question 35

What are myelin?

Answer 35

Key glia cells that cover the axon of many neurons to speed up transmission of nerve impulses.

Question 36

How many skeletal muscles do humans have?

Answer 36

>600

Question 37

How do skeletal muscles work?

Answer 37

By pulling on bones to act as levers.

Question 38

What dictates what the muscle can do?

Answer 38

Its size and shape

Question 39

What is the basic structure of a muscle?

Answer 39

Muscle -> muscle bundle (fascicle) -> muscle fiber

Question 40

What are the basic components involved in muscle contraction?

Answer 40

The myosin complex with ATPase, actin helix, tropomyosin, troponin, ATP, calcium, and magnesium

Question 41

What are the types of connective tissue?

Answer 41

Loose connective tissue, fibrous connective tissue, blood, cartillage, adipose, and bone.

Question 42

Which type of connective tissue is important for movement?

Answer 42

Bone

Question 43

What is the function of the skeleton?

Answer 43

To act as levers for movement. Bones are a major contributor to the structure of the human body.

Question 44

How many bones are there in the human body?

Answer 44

~206

Question 45

What are levers?

Answer 45

A simple machine for moving an object.

Question 46

What are the basic components of a lever?

Answer 46

A rigid bar, a resistance to be moved (load), a force to move the resistance (effort), and a pivot point (fulcrum)

Question 47

What in the human body serves as a rigid bar in the lever?

Answer 47

Bones

Question 48

What in the human body serves as the pivot point in a lever?

Answer 48

Joints

Question 49

What in the human body serves as a movement force in a lever?

Answer 49

Muscle force

Question 50

What in the human body serves as a resistance force in a lever?

Answer 50

Many things such as weight

Question 51

What type of levers are humans?

Answer 51

Third class - good for speed, evolutionary trait to run from predators.

Question 52

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 52

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 53

What is the sympathetic system?

Answer 53

Fight or flight

Question 54

What is the parasympathetic system?

Answer 54

Rest and digest

Question 55

What is an afferent neuron?

Answer 55

Carries information to the brain

Question 56

What is an efferent neuron?

Answer 56

Carries information away from the brain

Question 57

Where does muscle contraction occur?

Answer 57

At the sarcomeres

Question 58

What is is actin?

Answer 58

The thinner filaments involved in muscle contraction

Question 59

What is myosin?

Answer 59

The thicker filaments involved in muscle contraction

Question 60

What are the components involved in the sliding filament theory?

Answer 60

ATP, tropomyosin, and calcium