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Molecular & Cellular Biology > Lecture 7 - Cells > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell

A

Fundamental unit of life

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2
Q

Three domains of cells:

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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3
Q

Two types of cells:

A

Prokaryotic Cells (includes domains bacteria and archaea)
Eukaryotic Cells (includes domain eukarya)

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4
Q

Some properties of Prokaryotic cells:

A

small
simple
no nucleus
no organelles

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5
Q

Some properties of Eukaryotic cells:

A

large
complex
has nucleus
has organelles

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6
Q

Components of Eukaryotic Cells:

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endomembrane system
Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Extensions

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7
Q

2 main types of eukaryotic cells:

A

Plant cells
Animal cells

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8
Q

Components special to plant cells:

A

Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplast

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9
Q

Component special to animal cells:

A

Centriole

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10
Q

The plasma membrane (animal cells):

A

Hydrophobic barrier to the external environment, formed by phospholipid bi-layer in which there are embedded proteins

also has some cholesterol which acts as a stabilizer

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11
Q

The fluidity of membranes is determined by:

A

Phospholipid movement
Saturated vs unsaturated hydrocarbons
Cholesterol presence

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12
Q

Functions of plasma membrane proteins:

A

Support
Cell-cell recognition
junctions
enzymatic
receiving and transmitting messages from the receptors
transport

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13
Q

cytoplasm:

A

cytosol and all organelles within a cell

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14
Q

Is cytoplasm present in either animal or plant cells?

A

present in both

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15
Q

Ribosomes

A

Play a key role in protein making process

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16
Q

2 Types of Eukaryotic Ribosomes:

A

Rough ER associated ribosomes
Free ribosomes

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17
Q

Rough ER associated ribosomes:

A

Assist in making plasma membrane and proteins that are to be sent out of the cell

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18
Q

Free ribosomes:

A

Assist in making proteins that will reside in cytoplasm

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19
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center

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20
Q

What does nucleus contain?

A

DNA & RNA

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21
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Nucleus is covered by nuclear envelope.

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22
Q

Nuclear envelope is made of 2 membranes:

A

Inner membrane, outer membrane

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23
Q

Eukaryotic DNA contains small proteins called_________, forming _________.

A

Histones, Chromatin

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24
Q

With aid of other proteins, chromatin condenses to form:

A

Chromosomes

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25
Q

Define Nucleolus:

A

Dense region in the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled

26
Q

Endomembrane system consists of:

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus

27
Q

Define translation process in rough ER:

A

Ribosomes in rough ER are called membrane bound, and are responsible for the assembly of many proteins

28
Q

Proteins staying in the cytoplasm are made on:

A

Free ribosomes

29
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:

A

Large, dynamic structure that serves many roles including calcium storage, protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism

30
Q

The golgi apparatus:

A

Major site of carbohydrate synthesis, as well as sorting and dispatching station for the products of ER

31
Q

Lysosomes

A

Involved in digestion and waste removal

32
Q

Mitochondria

A

Harvest chemical energy from food, store energy (ATP), cellular respiration

33
Q

Mitochondria has how many membranes?

A

two membranes: inner, outer

34
Q

Vacuoles Function

A

Store water, salts, proteins, and carbs

35
Q

Vesicles Function

A

Store and move materials between organelles

36
Q

Cytoskeleton Functions

A

Structural support, movement of organelles, cell locomotion

37
Q

What fibers are cytoskeletons made of?

A

Microtubule, intermediate filament, microfilament

38
Q

Microfilament properties:

A

Thinnest
Subunit: Actin
Cell shape
Cell movements

39
Q

Intermediate Filaments Properties:

A

In-between size
Fibrous proteins
reinforce cell shape
anchor organelles

40
Q

Microtubules Properties:

A

Hollow tubes
tubulin proteins
easily put together and taken apart
cell shape

41
Q

What are the two cell extensions found in eukaryotic cells?

A

Flagella & Cilia

42
Q

Flagella are:

A

Long, one or few

43
Q

Cilia are:

A

Short and many

44
Q

How does a flagellum move?

A

Propeller-like motion

45
Q

How do cilia move?

A

Back and forth beating

46
Q

Centriole Definition:

A

Microtubule organizing centers

These microtubules separate chromosomes

47
Q

What are three types of connections between animal cells?

A

Tight Junctions
Anchoring Junctions
Communicating Junctions

48
Q

Tight Junctions properties:

A

Form continuous seals
Leak-proof
Prevent infection

49
Q

Anchoring Junctions properties:

A

Rivet Cells together
Very Strong
leaky

50
Q

Communicating Junctions properties:

A

Channels link neighbors
Let small molecules & ions move from cell to cell

51
Q

How long prokaryotes have been present?

A

3.5 billion years

52
Q

What type of environments prokaryotes are present in?

A

all types of enironment - moderate to extreme

53
Q

What are prokaryotic cells made of?

A

DNA
Plasma Membrane
Ribosomes
Cell Wall
Pili
Flagella
Capule

54
Q

Define Plasmids

A

Circular, double-stranded units of DNA that replicates within a cell

55
Q

Prokaryotic plasma membranes are made of:

A

Lipids, specifically phospholipids

56
Q

The prokaryotic cell wall is made of:

A

Peptidoglycan - complex interlocking of polymers of nitrogen-sugar monomers

57
Q

Cell wall of prokaryotes surrounds the:

A

bi-lipid, plasma membrane layer

58
Q

The prokaryotic cell wall prevents the_____:

A

Rupturing of the bacterium by osmotic pressure of water

59
Q

Define Pili:

A

Thin, rigid fiber made of protein that protrudes from the cell surface

60
Q

Pili function:

A

To attach a bacterial cell to specific surfaces for plasmid transfer

61
Q

Define flagellum:

A

Rotates like a propeller and allows movement of the bacteria through the environment in response to it

62
Q
A

Molecular & Cellular Biology (10 decks)

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