Lecture 6 - Biomolecules Part 2

Question 1

What are proteins?

Answer 1

Large, complex molecules that do most of the work in cells

required for structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs

Question 2

Amino Acids

Answer 2

What proteins are made up of

Question 3

How many types of amino acids are there that can be combined to make a protein?

Answer 3

20

Question 4

Essential Amino Acids

Answer 4

Cannot be made in the body

Question 5

Semi-Essential Amino Acids

Answer 5

Arginine and Histidine
Can be synthesized by adults but not kids

Question 6

How are amino acids linked to form proteins?

Answer 6

Carboxyl and amino groups are synthesized through dehydration synthesis. Resulting compound has peptide bonds

Question 7

Proteins shape is determined by:

Answer 7

The order that amino acids are joined in

Shape determines function

Question 8

Dipeptide

Answer 8

2 amino acids linked by a peptide bond

Question 9

Polypeptide

Answer 9

Many amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Question 10

Protein structure:

Answer 10

One or more ploypeptides folded into a specific 3-dimensional shape

Question 11

4 Levels of Protein Structure

Answer 11

Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure

Question 12

Primary Structure

Answer 12

Unique Sequence

Question 13

Secondary Sequence

Answer 13

Hydrogen bonds between amino acids in the polypeptide

Parts of polypeptide coil or fold into a local pattern

Question 14

Two types of secondary structures

Answer 14

Alpha Helix & Pleated Sheet

Question 15

Tertiary Structure

Answer 15

Overall 3-dimensional shape of a folded polypeptide

Question 16

Quaternary Structure

Answer 16

Only in proteins with two or more polypeptides

Overall shape after polypeptides fit together

Question 17

Lysozyme

Answer 17

Antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system

Question 18

Define Sickle Cell Hemoglobin

Answer 18

Sickled red blood cells are stiff and angular, causing them to become stuck in small capillaries

Question 19

Denaturation of Proteins

Answer 19

Process in which 3-dimensional shape of polypeptide becomes distorted

Protein no longer functions

Question 20

Causes of Denaturation

Answer 20

Temperature
PH
Salts

Question 21

Protein Functions

Answer 21

1. Enzymatic
2. Structural
3. Contractile
4. Defensive
5. Transport
6. Signaling

Question 22

Protein functions: Enzymes

Answer 22

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions

Question 23

Protein functions: Structural Proteins

Answer 23

Collagen - makes up bones, tendons, ligaments, skin

Keratin - Makes up hair, nails, claws, hooves, reptile scales

Question 24

Protein functions: Contractile proteins

Answer 24

Mediate sliding of contractile fibers (Muscles)

Question 25

The two most important contractile proteins are called

Answer 25

Actin & Myosin

Question 26

Protein functions: Defensive Proteins

Answer 26

fight off infections

Question 27

Protein functions: Transport Proteins

Answer 27

act as doors to the cell

Question 28

Protein functions: Signaling

Answer 28

interacts with and affects the behavior of neighboring cells

Question 29

Two types of nucleic acids:

Answer 29

DNA
RNA

Question 30

DNA

Answer 30

Molecule that contains every organism’s unique genes.

Question 31

Nucleic acids are monomers or polymers?

Answer 31

Polymers

Question 32

The monomers of nucleic acids are:

Answer 32

Nucleotides

Question 33

The main difference between DNA and RNA nucleotides is:

Answer 33

Sugar
RNA - Ribose
DNA - Deoxyribose

Question 34

Polynucleotides

Answer 34

Combination of nucleotide monomers which are connected through covalent bonds

Question 35

DNA is _____ stranded

Answer 35

Double

Question 36

RNA is ______ stranded

Answer 36

Single

Question 37

Types of RNA involved in protein synthesis:

Answer 37

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

Question 38

mRNA:

Answer 38

messenger RNA, carries DNA message to ribosomes

Question 39

tRNA:

Answer 39

Transfer RNA, transfers amino acids to ribosomes

Question 40

rRNA:

Answer 40

Ribosomal RNA, makes up ribosome-protein factories of the cell