Lecture 7: Arbo and Zoonotic Viral diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Enzootic

A

Infections firmly established in animal populations, and
transmit from animal to humans with little or
no subsequent human-to-human transmission
(e.g. Rabies)

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2
Q

Epizootic

A

Infections that spread
efficiently between humans (human-to-human transmission) once introduced from an animal reservoir, leading
to localized outbreaks (e.g. Ebola virus disease)

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3
Q

What are the five different stages of zoonotic virus
adaptation?

A
  • First stage: natural reservoir
  • Second stage: Infection of humans with the virus is established, with no human-to-human transmission
  • Third Stage: Human-human transmission is limited or very rare
  • Fouth stage: Human to human transmission is established
  • Fifth stage: represents an
    exclusive pathogen of the human species, which results from the previous adaptive stages
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4
Q

What are possible causes of emerging infectious diseases??

A
  • Previously undetected or unknown infectious agents (“new” or “novel”)
  • Known agents that have spread to new geographic locations or new
    populations
  • Previously known agents whose role in specific diseases has previously
    gone unrecognized.
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5
Q

What is disease re-emergence?

A
  • Incidence of disease had significantly declined in the past, but whose incidence of
    disease has reappeared.
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6
Q

What are the two factors that drive emergence of zoonotic infections?

A
  • External factors (factors that produce conditions that allow a pathogen to expand or adapt to a new niche or place.
  • Internal factors (genetic adaptations)
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7
Q

What are the drivers of emergence found under external factors?

*These drivers can act locally, nationally, regionally and globally.

A
  • Ecological – global climate change, habitat
    encroachment, deforestation
  • Political – unrest, war, displacement of vulnerable
    communities
  • Economical/socio-economic – poverty, food security,
    global population growth, population mobility,
    urbanization
  • Social – behaviors and cultural factors
  • Technological – ability to detect diseases
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8
Q

What’s an emerging disease?

A
  • The disease that has appeared in a population for the first time
  • or the disease that may have existed previously, but is rapidly increasing in
    incidence or geographic range
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9
Q

Which virus groups are the most emerging pathogens? RNAs or DNAs

A

RNA

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10
Q

Why and how are RNA viruses most capable of emerging ad re-emerging?

A
  • Mutations
  • Recombination / reassortment
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11
Q

What are the challenges resulting from emerging and re-emerging viruses??

A
  • Unknown reasons for change in virulence of known viruses
  • Novel viruses of high pathogenic potential
  • No antiviral treatment / prophylaxis for majority of these viral infections
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12
Q

What are the burdens caused by zoonotic infections?

A
  • Impact on health
    *morbidity and mortality associated with the disease
    *impact on health systems (access to health care)
  • Impact on economy
    *cost of detection and response
    *indirect costs due to losses to business and travel
  • Social disruption of epidemics (and pandemics)
    *stigma of disease
    *impact on mental health
    *impact on social institutions, such as schools, churches etc.
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13
Q

What are the general features of viral zoonotic diseases?

A
  • Often restricted in geographical spread as it relates to the natural reservoir of the virus
  • Considered to be emerging or re-emerging
  • Miss- or underdiagnosed
  • No specific anti-viral therapies available
  • No or very few prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines available
  • Associated with wide scope of clinical presentation in
    hosts:
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14
Q

Zoonotic infections are classified into 4 categories. What are those?

A
  • Emerging or Re-emerging
  • Zoonotic cycle
  • Mode of transmission
  • clinical manifestations
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15
Q

What’s a virus caused by sandflies?

A

Toscana virus

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16
Q

What are the control and prevention measures of emerging and re-emerging zoonotic infections?

A
  • Early identification & diagnosis of viral zoonosis
  • “One health” – combining skills of veterinary, virology experts & public health
  • Public education
  • Measures to control mosquito bites & contact
    with infected animals
  • Development of highly sensitive and specific
    diagnostic techniques
  • Development of vaccines & antiviral treatment
  • Funding research
17
Q

What could possibly result from infection with ZIKA virus during pregnancy?

A
  • Birth defects: microcephaly and other severe brain defects.
18
Q

How is Zika virus transmitted?

A
  • Mother to Child transmission
  • Sexual transmission
  • Blood transfusion
19
Q

What could possibly result from infection with CHIKUNGUNYA virus during pregnancy?

*Chikungunya circulates in
non-human primates
(enzootic cycles)

A

Vertical transmission during childbirth leads to
severe disease and encephalopathy in
neonates resulting in long-term neurological sequelae.