CLIN SKILLS PART 1: VENEPUNCTURE AND URINE DIPSTICK Flashcards
The drawing of blood from patient’s vein?
venepuncture
Appropriate veins to perform venepuncture?
- Antecubital fossa (median cubital vein)
- Forearm and hand (cephalic vein)
- Femoral vein
When is it possible to draw blood on the patient’s femoral artery?
when u want to do the bacterial blood guess on tht sample of blood (Staphylococcus aureus:
Clusters in blood, causing a dangerous fuss)
You want to prevent it from happening by compressing the artery site for 5 mins after drawing blood on the patient’s artery
(u let the clotting occur at a site where u drew blood in this 5 mins, b4 letting the high pressure blood pass from the site coz without clott formation it leak)
hematoma formation
All the neccessary equipment for venepuncture
- Tourniquet: a device that is used to apply pressure to a limb or extremity in order to stop the flow of blood
- Gauze (a mesh of threads so fine, wraps wounds gently, healing’s design)
- Blood collection device
- Sample tubes
- Alcohol swab
- Plaster
Steps to perform a venepuncture
- Apply tourniquet
- Wash hands
- Wear gloves
- Palpate for the vein
Clean the site and alllow to dry (alchohol takes to 20 seconds to dry completely–allowing drying of alcohol prevents the burning sensation tht occurs when u take alcohol with a needle from the skin into the patient’s blood)
Two methods used to collect blood
- Vacutainer
- Syringe and needle method
Preferrable needle ‘‘colour and gauge’’ for venepuncture using a syringe and needle method
-Black needle, 22 Gauge
(has lower risk for blood haemolysis and causes least discomfort to the patient)
Two other needles to use in the absence of a black needle
- Green needle G21 (Smaller gauge, thus has increased risk for hemolysis)
- Sea green needle G23 (Larger gauge, thus cause increased patient discomfort)
Syringe type depends on____
How much blood u want to collect from the patient
Bloods on blue tubes
Are for coagulation tests only!
*blue tubes must be filled to the top for accurate testing
A tube mostly used for tests ze_____Amylase, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, lipid profiles, and kidney functions
Yellow
A tube used to study blood cells (incl CD4 counts)
purple tube
Tube suitable for plasma glucose and lactic acid tests
grey tube
With a urine dip stickt test, an early morning urine sample is a______
qualitative sample
It’s qualitative bcoz a health practitioner learns of all the metabolites and the substances that the bladder accumulated over night, but without any knowledge of the precise measurements of those solutes
With a urine dip stick test, a 24 hour urine sample is a ________
quantitative sample
It provides a comprehensive measurement of various substances excreted by the kidneys over a full day
The correct way of collecting urine for midstream sample, to minimize the likelihood of contamination from the genital area ____
Patients urinates the first part of the urine in the toilet, and then the middle part of the urine in the container. ~10 ml
*last part of the urine is released in the toilet
3 urine examinations_____
- macroscopic examination
which loos at colour, clarity, odour, volume. - Chemical examination (dip stick is inserted into the urine and results are read)
- Microscopic examination (done at the lab, if the above 2 procedures don’t provide much info)—called urine MCS (microscopy, culture, sensitivity)
Normal volume of urine to be excreted in 24 hrs___
600-1550 ml
Polyuria
> 2000ml
common on diabetic patients