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Hematology > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

With in the first two weeks of embryonic life what blood cell is produced by the yolk sac?

A

Primitive red cell

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2
Q

What type of WBC is produsted 1st?

A

Granulocytes

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3
Q

What is the 1st major stage of Hematopoietic Development?

A

Mesoblastic Period (Yolk Sac Phase)

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4
Q

What is the 2nd major stage of Hematopoietic Development?

A

Hapatic Period

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5
Q

What is the 3rd major stage of Hematopoietic Development?

A

Medullary (Myeloid Phase AKA Bone Marrow)

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6
Q

When does the Mesoblastic Period begin?

A

Around the 19th day of embryologic development.

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7
Q

When doe the Mesoblastic Period end?

A

Around 8 weeks (or 2 months) of gestation.

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8
Q

What are the Hematopoietic products produced during the Mesoblastic Period?

A
  1. Portlans
  2. Gower 1
  3. Gower 2 HgBs
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9
Q

When the the Hepatic Period usually start?

A

Begins at 4-5 weeks of gestation.

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10
Q

How long does the Hepatic Period last?

A

It ends just before birth.

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11
Q

Where does the Hepatic Period take place?

A

Liver

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12
Q

Where does the Mesoblastic Period take place?

A

THe Yolk Sac

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13
Q

What are the Hematopoictic products produced during the Hepatic Period?

A
  1. Primitive and definitive erythoblasts
  2. Granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, megakaryocytes
  3. Hemoglobins F, A, and A2
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14
Q

What other tissue produces blood cells during the Hepatic Period besides the Liver?

A

Spleen

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15
Q

What Period is 1?

A

Mesoblastic

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16
Q

What Period is 2?

A

Hepatic

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17
Q

What Period is 3?

A

Medullary

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18
Q

Where does 1 take place?

A

Yolk Sac

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19
Q

Where does 2 take place?

A

Liver & Spleen

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20
Q

Where does 3 take place?

A

Boan Marrow

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21
Q

When does the Medullary Phase begin?

A

Usually begins between the 4th and 5th month of fetal gestation.

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22
Q

Where does the Medullary (Myeloid) Phase take place?

A

In the the medulla or inner part of the bone marrow.

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23
Q

When does the bone marrow become the primary site of hematopoiesis?

A

By the sixth month of age.

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24
Q

What Hematopoietic products produced at this time?

A
  • Various stages of all cell lines
  • EPO: Erythropoietin
  • Fetal and adult hemoglobins
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25
Q

When does red marrow turn into fatty yellow marrow?

A

Around the age of 5-7 years.

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26
Q

How much bone marrow is found in adults?

A

Only about 50% of the bone marroe is red marow.

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27
Q

Where can the red bone marrow befound in a adult?

A
  1. Skull
  2. Clavicle
  3. Sternum
  4. Ribs
  5. Vertebrae
  6. Pelvis
  7. Proximal ends of the hurmerus and femur.
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28
Q

What is Retrogression?

A

The process of replacing the active marrow by adipose tissue during development into adulthood.

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29
Q

What is Extramedullary Hematopoiesis?

A

In some diseases, the spleen and liver may also become sites of blood cell production.

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30
Q

Under what kind of conditions can the 50% of yellow marrow found in adult be converted back to red?

A

Extreme

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31
Q

What does Medullary Hematopoisis mean?

A
  • Normal condition
  • 50% / 50% adult bone marrow is red / yellow
  • Bone marrow is the major site of hematopoiesis
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32
Q

What does Extramedullary Hematopoiesis mean?

A
  • Abnormal condition
  • 100% of the bone marrow is engaged in hematopoiesis
  • The spleen and liver also become sites of hematopoiesis
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33
Q

All blood cells arise from?

A

Stem cells

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34
Q

Where is the stem cells found?

A

The red bone marrow.

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35
Q

Stem cells, which have the ability to reproduce and differentiate, comprise less than what % of the marrow cells?

A

1% of the marrow cells

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36
Q

What are stem cells thought to resemble?

A

A small lymphocyte.

37
Q

What are the 3 Lymphatic Organs?

A
  • Spleen
  • Lymph nodes
  • Thymus
38
Q

Whic is the larges lymphoid organ in the body?

A

Spleen

39
Q

What are the 3 major areas of the spleen?

A
  • White pulp
  • Marginal zone
  • Red pulp
40
Q

What does the White pulp do in the Spleen?

A

It contains Follicles with germinal centers.

41
Q

What does the Marginal pulp do in the Spleen?

A

It Separates the red and white pulp.

42
Q

What does the Red pulp do in the Spleen?

A

Vascular sinusoids and sinuses separated by the cords of Billroth, which contain sensitive macrophages.

43
Q

What does the spleen do for the blood?

A

It acts as a filter for the blood.

44
Q

What is the normal RBC life span?

A

120 days

45
Q

How does the spleen know when the RBC gets to old.

A

This inflexibility along with a reduced glucose environment target old RBCs for destruction and recycling by the macrophages of the spleen.

46
Q

What happens when a RBC ages?

A

It becomes inflexible.

47
Q

What is this a slide of?

A

Autoimun Hemolitic Anemia

48
Q

What is the cell at the arrow?

A

Macrophage Ingesting RBCs

49
Q

What is happening in this cell?

A

Recycling Iron

50
Q

What is this cell called?

A

Hemosiderin laden Macrophage

51
Q

What is this cell called?

A

Hemosiderin laden Macrophage

52
Q

What does CFU-S stand for?

A

colony-forming unit-spleen

53
Q

What are colony-forming unit-spleen?

A

Colonies of hematopoietic stem cellsthat were seen on the spleens of the irradiated mice that were intravenous injection with marrow cells.

54
Q

Stem cells are capable of what?

A
  • Self-renewal
  • To give rise to differentiated progeny
  • Able to reconstitute the hematopoietic system of a lethally irradiated host.
55
Q

What does the Immature Cells Cytoplasm look like?

A

Deep blue, scanty amount.

56
Q

What does the Immature Cells Nucleu look like?

A

Large, round to oval; Reddish-purple chromatin that appears fine and delicate; nucleoli present; high N/C ratio (4:1).

57
Q

What size is the Immature cell?

A

Large

58
Q

What size is the Mature cell?

A

Smaller then the Immature Cells

59
Q

What does the Mature Cell’s Cytoplasm look like?

A

Lighter blue, more abundant cytoplasm

60
Q

What does the Nucleus look like in an Mature Cell?

A

Smaller nucleus, bluish-purple chromatin with some clumping; no nucleoli; smaller N/C ratio (1:1)

61
Q

What is the N/C ratio of a Myelonlast or Blast?

A

4:1

62
Q

What does the chromatin look like in a Blast?

A

Nuclear chromatin stains reddish-purple and appears fine and delicate, with NO CLUMPING.

63
Q

Are the Nucleoli present in Blast?

A

Yes

64
Q

What does the cytoplasm look like in a Blast?

A

Cytoplasm stains moderately blue (from the presence of RNA & protein production) with NO GRANULES.

65
Q

Is a Blast normally found in the peripheral blood (PB)?

A

NO

66
Q

Why is a Myoblast a nonfunctional cell?

A

Because it is incapable of motility, adhesion, and phagocytosis.

67
Q

The Myeloblast begins to down regulate the expression of CD34 and will start to express what?

A

CD13 and CD33

68
Q

What stage of cell development does Primary Azurophilic (Nonspecific) Granules Appear?

A

In the Promyelocyte stage.

69
Q

What color are the granules are in the Prommyelocyte?

A

They are dark blue or reddish-blue, and usually overlay the nucleus.

70
Q

Are Promyelocytes normaly found in the PB?

A

NO

71
Q

Can the Promyelocyte be larger then the blast?

A

Yes

72
Q

What does the nucleus look like in the Promyelocyte?

A

Round to oval nucleus, occupies half or more of the cell.

73
Q

What does the Promyelocytes nuclear chromatin look like.

A
74
Q

Are Nucleoli present in Promyelocytes?

A

YES

75
Q

What does the cytoplasm look like in the Promyelocyte?

A

light blue

76
Q

In which stage of the Myeloblast line do Secondary (Specific) Neutrophilic Granules form?

A

In the Myelocyte stage.

77
Q

In the Myeloblast line which stage is the last stage able to go through Mitosis?

A

Myelocyte stage

78
Q

What help are the secondary granules to MLS’s when looking at the Myeloide Line?

A

They helps to identify the cell as eos, baso, or neutrophil.

79
Q

What is the Dawn of Neutrophilla?

A

A light area adjacent to the nucleus that contains the Golgi apparatus of the cell.

80
Q

What is the Dawn of Neutrophilia a sign of?

A

The first sign of neutrophil differentiation.

81
Q

What stage of probuction is the Myelocyte?

A

3

82
Q

What stage of probuction is the Promyelocyte?

A
83
Q

What stage of probuction is the Metamyelocyte?

A

4th

84
Q

What is the sign that a Myelocyte is turning into a Metamyleocyte?

A

The Nucleus begins to indent but less than 50%

85
Q

What does the Nucleus look like in the Metamyelocyte?

A

Is often “kidney-shaped” with chromatin that is coarse and is showing clumping.

86
Q

What collor are the cytoplasmic granules in the Metamyelocyte stage?

A

More pink

87
Q

In what extream cases can the Metamyelocyte be found in the PB and what does this tellthe physician?

A

evere bacterial infections such a sepsis, there may be a few metas in the PB along with many segs and bands! This tells the physician that the infection is very severe.

88
Q

Are Myelocyte’s usualy found in the PB?

A

No

89
Q
A

Hematology (9 decks)

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