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Hematology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 basic parts of a cell?

A

Unit membranes, Cytoplasm, and Nucleus

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2
Q

What does the Nucleus contain?

A

Chromatin, Nucvelope, and Nucleoli

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3
Q

What is in the Cytoplasm?

A

Golgi Complex, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ribosomes, Mitochondria, and Lysosomes

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4
Q

What are the 3 Major functions of the Cell Membrane?

A

Restricts/facilitates the interchange of substances Detects hormonal signals facilitating cell-to-cell communication Supports the blood groups, histocompatibility loci, and receptors that provide for cellular identity such as Cluster Designation Markers (CD Markers)

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5
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Traverse the entirety of the lipid bilayers and penetrate the outside of the membrane or only the cytoplasmic side of the membrane: Function: Communication and transport system between the cell’s interior and the external environment.

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6
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Found only on the inner cytoplasmic side of the membrane and for the cell’s cytoskeleton. Function: Maintains the structural integrity of the cell

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7
Q

Chromatin

A

Made up of nucleic acids and proteins

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8
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Dark staining, condensed clumping pattern and is Genetically inactive

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9
Q

Euchromatin

A

Pale blue, loosely coiled and uncondensed Genetically active portion of the nucleus where RNA transcription occurs.

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10
Q

What are Hematology Specimens usually collected in?

A

Disodium EDTA or Tripotassium EDTA

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11
Q

What does EDTA stand for?

A

Ethylenediaminetetracetic acid

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12
Q

What does EDTA do?

A

It takes the calcium out of the blood when it is drawn so the PLTs do not start clumping>

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13
Q

If blood smears from EDTA are left at room temp for >5 hours then what artifacts can be found?

A

Echinocytic RBC, Spherocytes, and Vacuolated neutrophils

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14
Q

When is the best time to make a blood smear that is drawn in a EDTA tube?

A

Within 2-3 hours after collected.

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15
Q

What is Platelet Satellitosis?

A

PLTs that are surrounding a Neutrophils.

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16
Q

What results can be seen on a CBC in a spaceman that has PLT Satellitosis?

A

It would show a false decrease in PLT cunt (pseudothrombocytopenia) and a false increase in WBC counts (pseudoleukocytosis).

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17
Q

What is the common cause of Platelet Satellitosis?

A

It is a PLT specific autoantubody.

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18
Q

Platelet Clumping?

A

Are clumped Platelets.

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19
Q

What results can be seen on a CBC in a spaceman that has PLT clumping?

A

A false decrease in the platelet count and a false increase in the WBC count (Clumps are falsely counted as WBCs)

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20
Q

What is the remedy for PLT Satellitosis and Clumped PLTs?

A

Collect a blue top (coag tube) on the patient and multiple the WBC and the platelet count by 1.1. You would also Keep the RBC & RBC indices from the original EDTA run results

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21
Q

What are some other Types pf Hematology Specimens and what should you do with these types?

A

Fingerstick and Heelstick specimens both are collected in EDTA Microtainers. They also need to be mix quickly and thoroughly because fingerstick and heelstick specimens will clot quickly.

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22
Q

What is the most common technique in making blood smears?

A

Manual Wedge Technique

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23
Q

What is the size of the drop of blood that needs to be used in the Manual Wedge Technique?

A

2-3 um

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24
Q

What is the typical angle of the spreader slide needs to be used in the Manual Wedge Technique?

A

30 Degree angle

25
Q

What can happen if you go to slow when spreading the blood in the Manual Wedge Technique?

A

Poor leukocyte distribution; large cells such as monocytes and neutrophils are pushed to the end of the slide; “Snowplow effect”

26
Q

What is the Snowplow effect?

A

it is a False increase in the lymph percent and a False decrease in the monocyte and neutrophil percentages on the differential.

27
Q

When using the Manual Wedge Technique what should you do if the patient has a high H&H?

A

Decrease the angle of the spreader slide.

28
Q

When using the Manual Wedge Technique what should you do if the patient has a low H&H?

A

Increase the angle of the spreader slide.

29
Q

The coverslip technique is __________.

A

Rarely used today.

30
Q

what is the most common Automated Slide maker and stainer is?

A

Sysmex and and it speards slide based upon the patient’s HCT.Takes 30 sec.

31
Q

Buffy Coat Smear

A

Used when the patient’s WBC is very low (such as 1,000 WBC/uL).

32
Q

What tube is used in the Buffy coat?

A

Performed in Wintrobe Sedimentation tubes.

33
Q

How is a Buffy Coat made?

A

Centrifuge specimen for 15 minutes. Pipette off the top layer of plasma. Aspirate the white layer (buffy coat) and make another slide using wedge smear technique.

34
Q

How many cells do you need to count in a Buffy Coat?

A

200 cells need to be counted to increase the accuracy of the diff. when the counts is greater then 40,000 WBC/uL. And remember to report out each %.

35
Q

Hemaspinner

A

3-4 drops of whole blood is placed in the middle of a glass slide and is placed into the instrument. While the slide is being spun, a beam of light passes through the glass slide unto a sensor. When the cells have separated to the proper degree, the spinner stops spinning.

36
Q

What is the proper way to Label Blood Smears?

A

Patient’s Last Name Patient’s First Name Identification Number Date

37
Q

Wright’s Stain is a?

A

Polychromatic stain that contains both eosin and methylene blue.

38
Q

What is the ingredients of Wright’s Stain?

A

Methylene Blue Azure B (from the oxidation of methylene blue) Eosin Y Absolute methanol (fixes the smear onto the slide)

39
Q

What is the pH of Wright’s Stain?

A

0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer’s pH should be 6.8

40
Q

If the stains pH is <6.8 then,

A

RBC appear “hot pink”, other cells appear more red than normal.

41
Q

If the stains pH is >6.8 then,

A

RBCs appear blue to gray, other cells appear more blue than normal.

42
Q

Methylene Blue is alkaline and stains what?

A

Acidic (or basophilic) cell components such as RNA.

43
Q

Eosin Y is acidic and stains what?

A

Alkaline (or eosinophilic) components such as hemoglobin or eosinophilic granules.

44
Q

When stains the Eosinophil when it is stained with Wright Stain?

A

Eosinophils are lover of acid is stained by the Alkaline component which is Eosin Y.

45
Q

When stains the Basophil when it is stained with Wright Stain?

A

Baspphils ans lover of basics (alkaline) and is stained by the Acidic component which is Methlyene Blue.

46
Q

When stains the Neutrophil when it is stained with Wright Stain?

A

Nuerophils are neutral and have granules that have a neutral pH and picks up staining characteristics of both stains.

47
Q

What technique is used when examining the blood?

A

Battlement Technique

48
Q

What is a proper exam area?

A

2 or 3 RBCs overlap but most are separated from each other.

49
Q

How do you preform a WBC estimation?

A

The average # of WBCs per field x 2000 should equal the automated WBC count

50
Q

How do you preform a PLT estimation?

A

The average number of platelets in 3 fields x 20,000 approximates the platelet count.

51
Q

what should you always do when starting to look at a slide?

A

Make sure the size ans chromasia correlates with the MCV and MCHC that was given by the CBC andlook for clumped PLT, PLT satellitosis, and nucleated RBCs.

52
Q

How doe you correct for Nucleated RBCs?

A

Corrected WBC = (WBC)(100/100 + #NRBC)

53
Q

What are Nucleated RBCs counted as?

A

WBC

54
Q

WBC count will always be ___ when you correct for Nucleated RBCs.

A

Lower

55
Q

What do you do if you have a WBC Count that is <1,000 WBC/uL?

A

Perform 100 cell count on buffy coat or perform 50 cell count and multiply your differential results by 2.

56
Q

What is this Cell?

A

Seg

57
Q

What is this cell?

A

Seg

58
Q

What are these cell?

A

Segs and Eos

59
Q

What is the cell at the arrow?

A

Seg

Hematology (9 decks)

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