Lecture 3 Flashcards
What are the 3 basic parts of a cell?
Unit membranes, Cytoplasm, and Nucleus
What does the Nucleus contain?
Chromatin, Nucvelope, and Nucleoli
What is in the Cytoplasm?
Golgi Complex, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ribosomes, Mitochondria, and Lysosomes
What are the 3 Major functions of the Cell Membrane?
Restricts/facilitates the interchange of substances Detects hormonal signals facilitating cell-to-cell communication Supports the blood groups, histocompatibility loci, and receptors that provide for cellular identity such as Cluster Designation Markers (CD Markers)
Integral Proteins
Traverse the entirety of the lipid bilayers and penetrate the outside of the membrane or only the cytoplasmic side of the membrane: Function: Communication and transport system between the cell’s interior and the external environment.
Peripheral Proteins
Found only on the inner cytoplasmic side of the membrane and for the cell’s cytoskeleton. Function: Maintains the structural integrity of the cell
Chromatin
Made up of nucleic acids and proteins
Heterochromatin
Dark staining, condensed clumping pattern and is Genetically inactive
Euchromatin
Pale blue, loosely coiled and uncondensed Genetically active portion of the nucleus where RNA transcription occurs.
What are Hematology Specimens usually collected in?
Disodium EDTA or Tripotassium EDTA
What does EDTA stand for?
Ethylenediaminetetracetic acid
What does EDTA do?
It takes the calcium out of the blood when it is drawn so the PLTs do not start clumping>
If blood smears from EDTA are left at room temp for >5 hours then what artifacts can be found?
Echinocytic RBC, Spherocytes, and Vacuolated neutrophils
When is the best time to make a blood smear that is drawn in a EDTA tube?
Within 2-3 hours after collected.
What is Platelet Satellitosis?
PLTs that are surrounding a Neutrophils.
What results can be seen on a CBC in a spaceman that has PLT Satellitosis?
It would show a false decrease in PLT cunt (pseudothrombocytopenia) and a false increase in WBC counts (pseudoleukocytosis).
What is the common cause of Platelet Satellitosis?
It is a PLT specific autoantubody.
Platelet Clumping?
Are clumped Platelets.
What results can be seen on a CBC in a spaceman that has PLT clumping?
A false decrease in the platelet count and a false increase in the WBC count (Clumps are falsely counted as WBCs)
What is the remedy for PLT Satellitosis and Clumped PLTs?
Collect a blue top (coag tube) on the patient and multiple the WBC and the platelet count by 1.1. You would also Keep the RBC & RBC indices from the original EDTA run results
What are some other Types pf Hematology Specimens and what should you do with these types?
Fingerstick and Heelstick specimens both are collected in EDTA Microtainers. They also need to be mix quickly and thoroughly because fingerstick and heelstick specimens will clot quickly.
What is the most common technique in making blood smears?
Manual Wedge Technique
What is the size of the drop of blood that needs to be used in the Manual Wedge Technique?
2-3 um
What is the typical angle of the spreader slide needs to be used in the Manual Wedge Technique?
30 Degree angle
What can happen if you go to slow when spreading the blood in the Manual Wedge Technique?
Poor leukocyte distribution; large cells such as monocytes and neutrophils are pushed to the end of the slide; “Snowplow effect”
What is the Snowplow effect?
it is a False increase in the lymph percent and a False decrease in the monocyte and neutrophil percentages on the differential.
When using the Manual Wedge Technique what should you do if the patient has a high H&H?
Decrease the angle of the spreader slide.
When using the Manual Wedge Technique what should you do if the patient has a low H&H?
Increase the angle of the spreader slide.
The coverslip technique is __________.
Rarely used today.
what is the most common Automated Slide maker and stainer is?
Sysmex and and it speards slide based upon the patient’s HCT.Takes 30 sec.
Buffy Coat Smear
Used when the patient’s WBC is very low (such as 1,000 WBC/uL).
What tube is used in the Buffy coat?
Performed in Wintrobe Sedimentation tubes.
How is a Buffy Coat made?
Centrifuge specimen for 15 minutes. Pipette off the top layer of plasma. Aspirate the white layer (buffy coat) and make another slide using wedge smear technique.
How many cells do you need to count in a Buffy Coat?
200 cells need to be counted to increase the accuracy of the diff. when the counts is greater then 40,000 WBC/uL. And remember to report out each %.
Hemaspinner
3-4 drops of whole blood is placed in the middle of a glass slide and is placed into the instrument. While the slide is being spun, a beam of light passes through the glass slide unto a sensor. When the cells have separated to the proper degree, the spinner stops spinning.
What is the proper way to Label Blood Smears?
Patient’s Last Name Patient’s First Name Identification Number Date
Wright’s Stain is a?
Polychromatic stain that contains both eosin and methylene blue.
What is the ingredients of Wright’s Stain?
Methylene Blue Azure B (from the oxidation of methylene blue) Eosin Y Absolute methanol (fixes the smear onto the slide)
What is the pH of Wright’s Stain?
0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer’s pH should be 6.8
If the stains pH is <6.8 then,
RBC appear “hot pink”, other cells appear more red than normal.
If the stains pH is >6.8 then,
RBCs appear blue to gray, other cells appear more blue than normal.
Methylene Blue is alkaline and stains what?
Acidic (or basophilic) cell components such as RNA.
Eosin Y is acidic and stains what?
Alkaline (or eosinophilic) components such as hemoglobin or eosinophilic granules.
When stains the Eosinophil when it is stained with Wright Stain?
Eosinophils are lover of acid is stained by the Alkaline component which is Eosin Y.
When stains the Basophil when it is stained with Wright Stain?
Baspphils ans lover of basics (alkaline) and is stained by the Acidic component which is Methlyene Blue.
When stains the Neutrophil when it is stained with Wright Stain?
Nuerophils are neutral and have granules that have a neutral pH and picks up staining characteristics of both stains.
What technique is used when examining the blood?
Battlement Technique
What is a proper exam area?
2 or 3 RBCs overlap but most are separated from each other.
How do you preform a WBC estimation?
The average # of WBCs per field x 2000 should equal the automated WBC count
How do you preform a PLT estimation?
The average number of platelets in 3 fields x 20,000 approximates the platelet count.
what should you always do when starting to look at a slide?
Make sure the size ans chromasia correlates with the MCV and MCHC that was given by the CBC andlook for clumped PLT, PLT satellitosis, and nucleated RBCs.
How doe you correct for Nucleated RBCs?
Corrected WBC = (WBC)(100/100 + #NRBC)
What are Nucleated RBCs counted as?
WBC
WBC count will always be ___ when you correct for Nucleated RBCs.
Lower
What do you do if you have a WBC Count that is <1,000 WBC/uL?
Perform 100 cell count on buffy coat or perform 50 cell count and multiply your differential results by 2.
What is this Cell?
Seg
What is this cell?
Seg
What are these cell?
Segs and Eos
What is the cell at the arrow?
Seg
