Lecture 1 Flashcards
What is the Normal Range of Segmented Neutrophils?
4,800/uL - 10,800/uL
What is a Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils (PMNs)?
It is a Segmented Neutrophils.
What is the primary function of Segmented Neutrophils?
They engulf and destroy bacteria.
What is Hematology?
The scientific study of bloodcells and blood-forming tissues.
What is the average total blood volume?
Apriximatly 5L of blood.
What is the 4 functions of the Blood?
- Transports oxygen from lungs to the tissues.
- Clears tissues of carbon dioxide.
- Transports glucose, proteins and fats.
- Transports wastes to the liver for processing and to the kidneys for clearing them from the body.
Another name for Erythrocytes?
Red Blood Cells or RBC.
White Blood Cells or WBC can also be called?
Leukocytes
What are the 3 Granulocytes?
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Which cells are Neutropils?
Both sags and bands.
What type of Lymphocytes are there?
T cells And B Cells
What do T cells do?
They are responicble for Cell Mediated Immunuty.
What do the B cells do?
Plasma Cells that produce antibodies.
WHat are the 3 main types of WBC?
- Granulocytes
- Lymohocytes
- Monocytes
What are the 3 types of blood cells?
- RBC
- WBC
- PLT
What are Thrombocytes?
Platelets or PLT.
What is the primary function of a Erythrocyte (RBC)?
It transports Oxygen.
What does a RBC look like?
Anucleated biconcave cell filled with hemaglobin (HgB), whith a zone of pallor covering 1/2 of their center.
What color does RBC stain in Wright-Giemsa Stain and why.
It stains salmon pink because of the Hemoglobin.
What is the function of HgB?
it is what the oxygen is attached to.
What is the avarage size of a RBC?
6-8 um
How many RBC are found in a Males?
4.7-6.1 million/uL
How many RBC can be found in a Female?
4.2-5.4 million/uL
What are these Cells?
RBC
Anemia
Loss of oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
How would you know if a patient had a Anemia?
Often reflected in a reduced RBC count.
Polycythemia
Many Blood Cells
How would you know if a patient had Polycythemia?
There would be a increased RBC count related to increased RBC mass that often leads to hyperviscosity of the blood.
What is Saline?
It is a 0.85% NaCl solution.
What is a increased in PMNs called?
Neutrophilia
What is Nuetrophilia a sign of?
A bacterial infection.
What is a Neutripenia?
It is a decrease in PMNs.
What can cause a Neutropenia?
It can be caused by certain drugs or a viral infection.
What are Band Neutrophils?
They are immature neutrophil that will mature into a sagmented nuetrophil.
What is another name for Bands?
Stabs
Normal amount of Bans?
0-5%
Normal amount of Sgas
50-70%
What do Bands do?
Engulf and destroy bacteria.
What do Eosinophils do?
Fight parasitic infections.
What is it called when you have an increased EO count?
Eosinophilia and the patient has a perasitic infection.
What color do EOs stain in Wright Stain and why?
They stain orange because their granules contain antihistamine.
Noromal % of Basophils?
0-1%
What color do Basophils sain in Wright stain and why?
They are bark purple to black irregular cytoplasmic granules which often obscure the nucleus.
What disease can be indicated by a increas in Basophils?
CML
What is the % of Lymphocytes in the blood?
20-40%
Lymphocytosis
Is often associated with viral infections.
% of Monocytes?
1-8%
What are Macrophages?
Monocytes that moved to the tissues and
Matured.
What does the Monocyte look like?
It has a lassy cromatin patteron and has sudopods.
What are the 2 primary functions of Monocytes?
- Identify and phagocytose forign particies.
- Assists the lymphs in mounting an immune response by antigen processing.
What are Thrombocytes?
Platelets
What do Platelets do?
They are primarily in hemostasis, they maintenan and repair blood vessels and for a clot to plug dammaged blood vessels.
What is a Simple Microscope?
It contains one set of magnifying lens and a 35-m slide projector.
Compound Microscope
Contains 2 separate lens systems and is the one typically used in Hematology.
Electron Microscope
50,00 x magnification; uses a beam of electons instead of light.
Polarizes Light Microscope
Is used in chemistry and urinalysis to identify crystals.
Darkfield Microscope
Contains a special condenser that can be used to identify spirochetes.
Phase-Contrast Microscope
Provides excellent contrast of a cel against its surrounding background.
What is a Phase-Contrast Microscope recommended to be used for?
To count Platelets.
How does a Phase-Contrast Microscope work?
It shifts the light through a condenser and changes the wavelength by 1/4.
What is Hemoglobin measured with?
Spectrophotometry
What is the normal range in males for their HgB values?
16 +/- 2 g/dL
What does a Spectrophotometer do?
Its measures light intensity and can do it over a range (spectrum) of wavelengths.
As wavelenght decreases________________
Energy increases
What is the visible light spectrum?
390-780 nm
What is the UV light spectrum?
180-390 nm
Beer-Lambert’s Law
As concentration increases, absorbance increases, %T decreases and vise-versa.
Photometer
Measures light intensity by usesing a filer for wavelength selector.
Absorbance is ___________.
Calculated
%T is ______.
Measured
If you have a maximum %T of 100% then you ______.
Have 0 abs.
If you have a maximum of 2% abs then you _________.
Have 0% T
log 10 =
1
log 100 =
2
A in A = 2- log %T stands for what?
Absorbance.
A in A = abc stands for?
Absorbance
a in A = abc stands for?
molar absorbtivity
L/mol*cm
b in A = abc stands for?
The cuvette width (light path) in cm
c in A = abc stand for?
Concentration
the mathematical limitation on absorbance is __.
2
Cu in Cu=(Au/As)(Cs) stands for?
Concentration unknown
Au in Cu=(Au/As)(Cs) stands for?
Absorbance unknown
Cs in Cu=(Au/As)(Cs) stands for?
Concentration given
As in Cu=(Au/As)(Cs) stands for?
Absorbance given
Absorbance (O.D.) is plotted on _________.
Linear paper
%T is plotted on ___________.
Semilog paper
