Lecture 7

Question 1

Cognition/Thought

Answer 1

the mental processes of acquiring thought, knowledge, reasoning

Question 2

Concept

Answer 2

a part of thinking and is described as a group or category of things either real or imagined that are related
-Basic unit of thought/semantic memory

Question 3

Prototype

Answer 3

a best, most familiar or most typical example

- can be real or impossible

Question 4

3 types of thinking:

Answer 4

Propositions: Linguistic, basic unit of meaning, is the spoken words
Images: Visual, images we see in our mind
Motor commands: Kinesthetic, thinking in terms of actions you do

Question 5

Describe the Shapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Answer 5

2 versions of language- thought connection
Strong: If something cannot be expressed in your language then you cannot think it
Weak: if it is not expressed in your language then you do not think of it (not that you can’t)

Question 6

Metacognition

Answer 6

Thinking about thinking

Question 7

Metamemory

Answer 7

awareness of your own memory

Question 8

Describe the 2 types of reasoning

Answer 8

Deductive: From general rules to specific instances
Inductive: from specific situations or observations to general application (this+that=all)

Question 9

What are the 6 mistakes of reasoning

Answer 9

Irrelevant information, belief bias, confirmation bias, emotion, framing, conjunction fallacy

Question 10

What is the difference between well defined and ill defined problems?

Answer 10

Well: there is one clear and correct answer
Ill: many possible solutions

Question 11

Schema

Answer 11

A problem solving schema is a blue print in solving a problem. To be an expert, you need to have any schema’s stored in long term memory, and have a lot of experience in application.

Question 12

2 ways to problem solve

Answer 12

Algorithms: Formulas or procedures that guarantee correct solutions
Heuristics: General strategies through which the mind is used

Question 13

What are the types of Heuristics?

Answer 13

Availability: Using information the is easily available to solve problems
Representative: If something greatly resembles your prototype you think of it being that thing (stereotype)
Confirmation Bias: Look for information to confirm what you believe rather than disprove it
“Means to and end”: compare current state to wanted state and make changes to achieve the wanted

Question 14

How can we be more creative:

Answer 14

Novelty, Challenge, Do something the hard way, network with people