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Musculoskeletal Anatomy I > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 cranial bones

A

parietal (2), temporal (2), frontal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid

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2
Q

What are the 14 facial bones

A

Maxilla (2), Zygomatic (2), Nasal (2), Palantine (2), Lacrimal (2), Inferior Nasal Concha (2), Vomer, Mandible

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3
Q

What are the 26 bones of the vertebral column

A

7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 1 sacrum (5 fused segments) 1 coccyx (3-5 fused segments)

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4
Q

What tissue layer do somites form from

A

mesoderm

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5
Q

Why do different areas of the body associate with different levels of the spinal cord

A

The formation of somites

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6
Q

What are the 3 parts of a somite

A

sclerotome, dermatome, and myotome

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7
Q

What structure(s) does the sclerotome form

A

vertebrae and ribs

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8
Q

What structure(s) does the dermatome form

A

dermis of the skin

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9
Q

What structure(s) does the myotome form

A

Muscles of the back and limbs

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10
Q

How do sclerotome cells migrate to form vertebrae

A

They migrate medially to surround the neural tube and notochord, forming the vertebral foramen and body

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11
Q

What structure do the notochord eventually become

A

nucleus pulposus

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12
Q

What does the fusion of dense and loose tissues of adjacent somites form

A

The intersegmental vertebra

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13
Q

What are the 3 steps in endochondral ossification of vertebrae

A
  1. Mesoderm differentiates into cartilage models of bones 2. Chondrification around the neural tube 3. endochondral ossification replaces cartilage with bone
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14
Q

What do primary ossification centers form

A

They form vertebral parts that fuse between ages 3-5 yrs

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15
Q

What do secondary ossification centers form

A

They form on vertebral periphery in puberty

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16
Q

What permits growth in size of vertebrae

A

cartilage pates between ossification centers

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17
Q

What is the primary curvature of the spine

A

The primary curvature of the spine is kyphosis, and is present during the fetal life.

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18
Q

What is the secondary curvature of the spine

A

The secondary curvature of the spine is lordosis, and develops after birth from sitting, holding the head up, walking, etc

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19
Q

What type of curve does each part of the spine have

A

Kyphotic: Thoracic, sacral
Lordotic: Cervical, Lumbar

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20
Q

What is the body of a vertebra

A

anterior part that bears most of the weight

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21
Q

What is the vertebral foramen

A

space enclosed by the vertebral arch

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22
Q

What is the vertebral canal

A

column of vertebral foramina which enclose the spinal cord

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23
Q

What forms the spinous processes

A

fusion of the lamina

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24
Q

What forms the transverse processes

A

fusion of lamina and pedicle

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25
Q

What are mammillary processes

A

little bumps on the superior articular processes that serve as an attachment for the multifidus, and are only present in lumbar vertebrae

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26
Q

What do the superior and inferior articular processes form

A

zygopophyseal joint AKA facet joint

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27
Q

Which vertebral regions have the widest range of motion

A

In order of decreasing motion: Cervical, lumbar, thoracic

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28
Q

What is the unique feature of each vertebra type

A

Cervical: transverse foramina, bifid S.P.
Thoracic: costal facets, long pointy S.P.
Lumbar: mammillary processes, stout horizontal SP

29
Q

Which vertebrae have the largest body

A

In order of decreasing size: Lumbar, thoracic, cervical

30
Q

What are the main movements of cervical vertebrae

A

Flexion/extension, rotation, lateral flexion (abduction)

31
Q

What are the main movements of thoracic vertebrae

A

Rotation and lateral flexion (abduction)

32
Q

What are the main movements of lumbar vertebrae

A

Flexion and extension

33
Q

What bones form the sacrum

A

Fusion of the 5 sacral vertebrae after 20 years

34
Q

What are the sacral crest

A

The median sacral crest runs down the center and is formed from by the fusion of SP’s, and the lateral sacral crests are formed by the TSP’s

35
Q

What is the function of sacral canal

A

It serves as a passage for spinal nerves and ends at the hiatus

36
Q

What is the function of the sacral foramina

A

The anterior and posterior foramina convey the anterior and posterior rami of sacral nerves

37
Q

What is the coccyx

A

3-5 small fused vertebrae that serve as origin for pelvic muscles and ligaments

38
Q

What is the sacrococcygeal symphysis

A

a fibrocartilaginous joint between the sacrum and coccyx

39
Q

What is the intervertebral joint

A

symphysis joint between vertebral bodies

40
Q

What is the annulus fibrosis

A

crisscross pattern of collagenous fibers that interconnect the lips of the vertebrae

41
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus

A

gelatinous center of intervertebral joint that provides shock absorption

42
Q

From whence does the nucleus pulposus derive structural stability

A

Proteoglycans that absorb water. The water can be squeezed out to allow for compression without damaging the tissue.

43
Q

What is a herniated disc

A

When the nucleus pulposus pushes through the annulus and pinches the outgoing spinal nerve against the articular processes within the intervertebral foramen.

44
Q

Do hernias always cause pain

A

Nope! Even if there is a herniated disc and back pain, the hernia is not necessarily the cause

45
Q

What is a facet joint

A

Zygapophyseal joints are synovial joints that connect vertebral arches

46
Q

What is the supraspinous ligament

A

ligament that joins the tips of SP’s

47
Q

What is the interspinous ligament

A

ligament that spans between the SP’s

48
Q

What is the ligamentum flavum

A

elastic CT that connects lamina. It helps extend the vertebral column.

49
Q

Where are the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments located

A

They are affixed to the anterior and posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies, respectively

50
Q

What is the function of the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

A

They add support to the intervertebral joints

51
Q

What is the atlas

A

C1. It has no vertebral body

52
Q

What is the axis

A

C2. It has the dens (odontoid process) which is formed by the fusion of the bodies from C1 and C2

53
Q

What is the atlanto-axial joint

A

pivot joint formed between the dens and anterior arch of the atlas.

54
Q

What is the transverse ligament

A

It holds the dens against the anterior arch

55
Q

Where are the alar and apical ligaments

A

They attach the dens to the margin of the magnum foramen and limit rotational movement

56
Q

What is the atlanto-occipital joint

A

superior articular processes of C1 articulate with occipital condyles of the skull. It permits flexion and extension

57
Q

Where is the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament (PAO)

A

ligament that spans from margin of magnum foramen to the posterior arch of C1.

58
Q

What is a potential pathology of the PAO?

A

It could cause cervicogenic headaches

59
Q

What are the suboccipital muscles

A

Rectus Capitis posterior Major and Minor, Inferior and Superior Obliques

60
Q

What muscle attaches to the PAO

A

Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor

61
Q

What does the head of the rib do

A

Articulates with vertebral bodies

62
Q

What is the tubercle of the rib

A

It is the constotransverse articular facet

63
Q

What does the sternal end of the rib do

A

attaches to costal cartilage

64
Q

What does the costal groove do

A

Serves as channel for intercostal vessels and nerve

65
Q

Where are costovertebral articulations

A

synovial joints on the body and TVP of thoracic vertebrae with ribs

66
Q

What is the sternal angle

A

Where the manubrium attaches to the body of the sternum. It is a great landmark for rib 2

67
Q

What are the parts of the sternum

A

Manubrium, sternal body, and xiphoid process

68
Q

How does the sternum connect to the ribs

A

Via costal cartilage

69
Q

What is the hyoid bone

A

Bone in the anterior neck that is anchored by muscles of speech and swallowing. It is the only bone not attached directly to another bone.

Musculoskeletal Anatomy I (8 decks)

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