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Musculoskeletal Anatomy I > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is gray matter

A

H-shaped region of cell bodies, dendrites, and proximal axons

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2
Q

What are the 2 main spatial divisions of gray matter

A

posterior (dorsal) horn and anterior (ventral) horn

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3
Q

What is white matter composed of

A

Axons that pass longitudinally along the spinal cord and myelin, which is what makes it white

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4
Q

What are rootlets

A

gray matter that extends out from the ventral and dorsal horns which then converges into roots

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5
Q

What do roots form

A

The dorsal and ventral roots exit the vertebral column and unite to form the spinal nerve

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6
Q

What does the spinal nerve split into

A

dorsal and ventral rami (s. is ramus)

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7
Q

What does the dorsal ramus innervate

A

Deep back muscles and overlying skin

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8
Q

What does the ventral ramus innervate

A

All of the stuff that the dorsal rami don’t innervate. Most of the nerves we deal with are ventral rami

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9
Q

What types of neurons are in rami

A

Motor, sensory, and autonomic

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10
Q

What do sensory neurons do

A

they convey information from the periphery to the CNS

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11
Q

Where is the cell body of a sensory neuron located

A

In the dorsal root ganglion

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12
Q

Where does a sensory neuron enter the CNS

A

sensory neurons enter the dorsal root and then dorsal horn

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13
Q

What do motor neurons do

A

Motor neurons convey information from the CNS to the periphery

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14
Q

Where are motor neuron cell bodies located

A

Motor neuron cell bodies are located in the ventral horn. Their axons exit via ventral root to innervate skeletal muscles

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15
Q

Where are sympathetic neurons located

A

Sympathetic neurons are found in essentially all nerves

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16
Q

Where are preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies located

A

in the intermediolateral column (IML). They project their axons to sympathetic ganglion`

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17
Q

Where are postganglionic sympathetic cell bodies located

A

Their cell bodies form the sympathetic ganglia; they project their axons to the periphery

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18
Q

Where are dorsal root ganglia located

A

C1-S5

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19
Q

What are chain ganglia

A

the vertical column of interconnected sympathetic ganglia

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20
Q

What does an interneuron do

A

It connects sensory and motor neurons to make a reflex arc

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21
Q

What is a myotactic reflex

A

Muscle stretch reflex: If a tendon gets contracted suddenly, the muscles extend to protect the joint. (the hammer test)

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22
Q

What is a withdrawal reflex

A

The pain reflex: neuronal pathway utilizes an interneuron pool to transmit from sensory to motor neurons

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23
Q

What is a crossed extension reflex

A

Almost immediately after a pain reflex causes flexion of a limb, the opposite limb begins to extend. (particularly with the legs so you don’t fall over after stepping on a nail)

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24
Q

What is reciprocal inhibition

A

When a muscle is excited, there is often a simultaneous inhibition of the antagonist muscle group. (This is clinically useful physical medicine)

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25
Q

What are all neurons surrounded by

A

Glia

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26
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

Schwann cells are glial cells in the PNS

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27
Q

What is myelin

A

Myelin is a protein secreted by Schwann cells that serves as insulation for axons

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28
Q

Which type of nerve has the most myelin and what effect does this have on the nerve

A

Proprioception nerves have the largest amount of myelin, which makes their signal transduction the fastest.

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29
Q

Which type of nerve has the least amount of myelin and what effect does this have on the nerve

A

C5 nerves are tiny, essentially unmyelinated nerves that transmit pain. Unmyelinated nerves have the poorest signal transduction

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30
Q

How is myelin formed?

A

myelin is formed when a Schwann cell wraps itself repeatedly around the nerve fiber. This squeezes out the Schwann cell cytoplasm and organelles so that only the cell membrane is wrapped around the nerve fiber.

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31
Q

What is endoneurium

A

Connective tissue that wraps around individual axons

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32
Q

What is perineurium

A

Connective tissue that wraps around fascicles of nerve fibers (axons)

33
Q

What is epineurium

A

Connective tissue that wraps around multiple fascicles (the entire nerve)

34
Q

What are nervi nervorum

A

Literally translated: the nerves of the nerves. Local nerves to the CT of nerves

35
Q

What are vasa nervorum

A

literally translated: vessels of the nerves. Local blood vessels to the nerves.

36
Q

What is the main clinical significance of vasa nervorum

A

This microvasculature gets blocked up by the excess blood glucose in diabetes mellitus. This causes the peripheral numbness and eventual atrophy common in diabetes

37
Q

What is proprioception

A

The sense of the relative position of one’s own body

38
Q

What sorts of things gather proprioception information

A

Golgi tendon organs, muscle spindle fibers, cutaneous sensory nerves, the eyes, and the inner ear

39
Q

Where is sensory information for proprioception processed

A

In the cerebellum and the cerebrum

40
Q

What are 6 common causes of neuropathy

A

diabetes, kidney failure, chronic alcoholism, nutritional deficiency, autoimmune disease, and trauma

41
Q

What are the symptoms of axonal degeneration

A

Often occurring after after injury to a axon, chemo, or inherited neurodegenerative disease, the symptoms eventually are numbness in the hands and/or feet that progresses proximally

42
Q

What is demyelination

A

The unwrapping of myelin sheaths around axons (guillain-Barre and MS)

43
Q

What happens if a nerve is temporarily compressed

A

After a period of compression there is local numbness. Once the compression is removed, painful tingling (pins and needles) starts because slow moving pain neurons are the first to recover from anoxia

44
Q

What type of injury is a nerve most likely to regenerate after

A

A nerve has a better chance of recovering after a crushing or compressing injury, and much less chance after a complete severance.

45
Q

What happens in the distal end of a damaged neuron

A

The axon and surrounding glial cells undergo degeneration and macrophagic absorption

46
Q

What are the stages of nerve regeneration

A

After the initial damage, the distal axon undergoes degeneration. Then the proximal axon regenerates axons (sprouting) which are guided basal lamina tunnels to the distal end. If an axon successfully finds the distal portion, target structures use trophic factors to re-establish connections.

47
Q

how fast can an axon regenerate

A

about 1 mm/day.

48
Q

what type of nerves can regenerate

A

Only those in the PNS. In the CNS, regeneration is very localized to the brain since oligodendrocytes do not have basal lamina to form tunnels for axonal regrowth

49
Q

What is the brachial plexus

A

Rearrangement of ventral rami C5-T1

50
Q

In a single nerve to a limb structure, what kinds of axons are present and where do these axons originate

A

In a single nerve there are sensory, motor, and autonomic neurons. The axons originate from 2 or 3 contiguous levels of spinal cord

51
Q

When does nerve arrangement form

A

It forms prenatally and independently of any influence from the spinal cord

52
Q

What is the significance of remembering that Randy Travis drinks cold beer

A

Roots, trunks, divisions, cords, branches! This is the order of the stuff in the brachial plexus

53
Q

Where does the brachial plexus originate

A

C5-C8, T1

54
Q

What is nerve distribution

A

Area of skin innervated by one peripheral nerve, e.g. lateral cutaneous n. to forearm

55
Q

What is a dermatome

A

Area of skin innervated by one spinal segment e.g. C5

56
Q

What is a myotome

A

Area of muscle innervated by one spinal segment. There are normally 2-3 segments per muscle. Strength testing is a common way to evaluate myotomes

57
Q

What is the posterior triangle and what passes through it

A

Space between the trap, clavicle, and sternocleidomastoid. The brachial plexus and axillary artery pass through it

58
Q

What is the axilla

A

Pyramid shape between the pec major and latissmus, humerus, and ribcage

59
Q

What is the spatial orientation of the Radius and Ulna

A

They are similar in shape but in reverse position

60
Q

What are the 3 joints of the elbow

A

humeroulnar, humeroradial, proximal radio-ulnar

61
Q

What composes the humeroulnar joint

A

the trochlea of the humerus and trochlear notch of the ulna

62
Q

What composes the humeroradial joint

A

the capitulum of the humerus with with the head of the radius

63
Q

What composes the proximal radio-ulnar joint

A

the head of the radius with radial notch on ulnar side

64
Q

What type(s) of movement does the elbow have

A

Flexion and extension between humerus and ulna/radius, pronation and supination at the proximal rado-ulnar joint

65
Q

What are the 3 main ligaments of the elbow joint

A

Ulnar collateral, radial collateral, annular

66
Q

What is the interosseus membrane

A

It is CT that links the ulna and radius together

67
Q

What is the function of the annular ligament

A

It permits rotation of the head of the radius around the ulna

68
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the biceps brachii long head

A

Origin: supraglenoid tubercle
insertion: radial tuberosity

69
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the biceps brachii short head

A

Origin: coracoid process
insertion: bicipital aponeurosis

70
Q

What is the action of the biceps brachii

A

flex and supinate forearm

71
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the brachialis

A

Origin: lower 1/2 of the humerus
insertion: coronoid process (ulna)

72
Q

What is the action of the brachialis

A

flex forearm

73
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the coracobrachialis

A

origin: corocoid process
insertion: middle 1/3 of humerus

74
Q

What is the action of the coracobrachialis

A

flex and adduct arm

75
Q

What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate

A

biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis

76
Q

What is the origins and insertion of the triceps

A

origin: long head infraglenoid tubercle
lateral head posterior humerus (superior/lateral to radial groove)
medial head posterior humerus (inferior/medial to radial groove)
insertion: olecranon process of ulna

77
Q

what is the action of the triceps

A

to extend the arm and forearm

78
Q

What does the radial nerve innervate

A

the triceps and the brachialis

79
Q

Where is the radial nerve located

A

it branches from the posterior cord of BP, passes between lateral and medial heads of the triceps along radial groove

Musculoskeletal Anatomy I (8 decks)

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