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Musculoskeletal Anatomy I > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

How much of a human body is water

A

60% by weight

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2
Q

How much of the water in the human body is intracellular, and how much is extra cellular

A

2/3 in intra cellular, 1/3 is extra cellular

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3
Q

How is the extracellular fluid distributed

A

1/5 is blood plasma, 4/5 is interstitial fluid

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4
Q

How does one determine the IV flow when replacing liquids

A

4cc/hr/kg for the first 10 kg of body weight, then add 2cc/hr/kg for the next 10 kg of body, and for the remaining body weight add 1cc/hr/kg

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5
Q

What is the governing principle of all fluid movement in the body

A

It flows from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure

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6
Q

What is the direction of lymphokinetic motion

A

blood capillaries > interstitial fluid > Lymph capillaries >Lymph veins > lymph ducts > large circ. veins

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7
Q

What is the main function of interstitial fluid

A

Carries cell waste products to the lymph system for purging

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8
Q

Where is the subclavian artery located

A

Between the anterior and middle scalenes, deep to the clavicle, to the lateral border of the first rib

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9
Q

Where is the axillary artery located

A

From the first part of the 1st rib to the lower edge of teres major

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10
Q

Where is the brachial artery located

A

Extends from the teres major down to the bifurcation of radial and ulnar arteries, which normally happens near the elbow, but can happen near the axilla

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11
Q

Where is the profunda brachii artery located

A

It branches from the brachial artery just distal to the teres major and travels along a similar path as the radial nerve in the posterior arm

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12
Q

What is collateral circulation

A

The situation of having multiple pathways for blood to reach a particular organ or region of the body

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13
Q

What are anastomosis

A

Connecting branches formed between adjacent blood vessels

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14
Q

Where is the dorsal scapular a. located

A

It branches from the subclavian and travels along the vertebral border of the scapula.

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15
Q

Where is the suprascapular a. located

A

It branches from the subclavian and travels along the axillary a to the suprascapular notch and then to the infraspinatus. Anastomoses with the scapular circumflex a.

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16
Q

Where is the scapular circumflex a. located

A

It branches from the axillary a. and travels between the teres major, minor and long head of the triceps to the infraspinatus. Anastomoses with the suprascapular a.

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the collateral circulation around the scapula

A

If the axillary artery s occluded, then blood i shunted away from the subclavian artery to the distal axillary artery by reverse flow in the circumflex scapular and subscapular aa. This is all based on pressure

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18
Q

Why would the body create new anastomosises

A

To get around blockages

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19
Q

When would creating new anastomosises be deleterious

A

In diabetic retinopathy repeated blockage and growth of replacement vessels leads to impaired vision

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20
Q

What goes through the vertebral transverse foramina

A

Vertebral artery

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21
Q

What is subclavian steal syndrome

A

occlusion of the subclavian artery causes retrograde flow in the vertebral artery

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22
Q

What is Thoracic outlet syndrome

A

Compression of the brachial plexus and blood vessels where they pass between the scalenes, 1st rib and clavicle, or under pectoralis minor

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23
Q

What are cervical ribs and how are they clinically relevant

A

incomplete ribs off the cervical vertebrae found in .5-1% of the population that greatly increase the risk of developing thoracic outlet syndrome

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24
Q

What are common causes of thoracic outlet syndrome

A

fractures, bad posture, and bone spurs

25
Q

What is the physician’s #1 way to test for a nerve problem

A

They try to make the symptoms worse

26
Q

What is Adson’s test

A

Pt’s arm is abducted and externally rotated while his head is turned away from the affected arm and he inhales deeply. This activated scaliness and raises the first rib. If his radial pulse is diminished, then the test is positive

27
Q

Which artery do inflatable blood pressure cuffs utilize

A

The brachial artery

28
Q

Where is the radial artery located

A

It travels down the forearm through the anatomical snuffbox and around MC 1 to enter palm and form the deep palmar arch

29
Q

How does the radial artery terminate

A

anastomoses with the ulnar artery in the deep and superficial palmar arteries

30
Q

Where is the ulnar artery located

A

It travels down the forearm through the tunnel of Guyon to form the superficial palmar arch

31
Q

How does the ulnar artery terminate

A

It anastomoses with the radial artery in the superficial and deep palmar arches

32
Q

What do the palmar arches branch into

A

Metacarpal, common, and proper digital arteries that parallel the cutaneous nerves

33
Q

Where are the digital aa and nn located

A

On the sides of the digits so that they don’t get squashed during digit movement

34
Q

Where does one inject anesthetic in a digit

A

Anesthetic is injected on both sides of the affected digit to effectively numb the entire digit

35
Q

When does one NOT use anesthetic with epinephrine

A

When numbing the fingers, toes, penis, or nose because of the limited blood supply

36
Q

Where is the cephalic vein located

A

Anterolateral forearm, over biceps and between the deltoid and pectoralis major

37
Q

Where is the basilic vein located

A

anteromedial forearm, penetrates medial side of arm

38
Q

Where is the median cubital vein

A

The communicating vein between the cephalic and basilic vv, it is located between them in the elbow

39
Q

What veins are great for blood venipuncture

A

The median cubital is number one, but the cephalic and basilic vv can be used as well

40
Q

What are venae comitantes

A

Veins that are paired with major arteries (radial, ulnar, brachial, etc)

41
Q

What is the purpose of venae comitantes

A

They are an alternate course for blood to return to the heart and serve to capture some of the heat that is lost from arterial blood to reheat venous blood

42
Q

How much of the blood returns to the heart via deep veins

A

90%

43
Q

What is the cubital fossa

A

Triangular space bordered by pronator teres, brachioradialis, and imaginary line connecting epicondyles of humerus

44
Q

What structures are in the cubital fossa

A

Superficial vv, median and radial nn, brachial a, biceps tendon

45
Q

What is the function of lymphatic capillaries

A

They recover excess fluid from interstitium and transport the lymph to lymph nodes

46
Q

What causes blocked lymphatics

A

Mostly commonly destruction by surgery, radiation, or infection

47
Q

What happens if lymphatics are blocked

A

There is a lack of lymph drainage which causes a fluid build up called ‘edema’ in the affected tissues

48
Q

Can you repair blocked lymphatics

A

Not really. They are too fragile for angioplasty or other procedures done on blood vessels. Manual therapy can be used to empty some of the fluid buildup

49
Q

How is fluid in lymph vessels propelled

A

Predominantly by muscle action around the vessels, but a few lymphatics have smooth muscles with rhythmic peristaltic motion

50
Q

What does the right supraclavicular node drain and what diseases is it indicative when swollen

A

Drains: Mediastinum, lungs, esophagus
Disease: Lung, retroperitoneal, or gastrointestinal cancer

51
Q

What does the left supraclavicular node drain, and what diseases is it indicative of when swollen

A

Drains: thorax, abdomen via thoracic duct
Disease: lymphoma, thoracic or retroperitoneal cancer, bacterial or fungal infection

52
Q

What does the axillary node drain, and what diseases is it indicative of when swollen

A

Drains: arm, thoracic wall, breast
Disease: infections, cat-scratch disease, lymphoma, breast cancer, silicone implants, brucellosis, melanoma

53
Q

What does the epitrochlear node drain, and what diseases is it indicative of when swollen

A

Drains: Ulnar aspect of forearm and hand
Disease: Infections, lymphoma, sarcoidosis, tularemia, secondary syphilis

54
Q

What is the function of a lymph node

A

Filters and monitors interstitial fluid to detect antigens

55
Q

Where do lymphatics drain

A

Lymphatics follow superficial veins and deep arteries and then drain into the venous system

56
Q

What are mammary glands

A

Modified sweat glands embedded in adipose tissue

57
Q

How are breasts attached to deep fascia

A

Via suspensory (cooper’s) ligaments

58
Q

Which 4 nodes receive lymph from breasts

A

pectoral nodes in axilla (75% this si the site of metastasis), opposite breast, parasternal nodes, abdominal nodes

59
Q

systemic infection such as the flu often causes enlargement of which nodes

A

Axillary lymph nodes

Musculoskeletal Anatomy I (8 decks)

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