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Ecology 2483 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Distribution:

A
  • Geographic area where individuals of a species occur
  • Can map out
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2
Q

Abundance:

A
  • Number of individuals in a given area
  • can be reported as population size (# of individuals), or density (# of individuals per unit area)
  • an vary throughout a species’ range
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3
Q

Population:

A
  • Group of interacting individuals of the same species living in a particular area
  • Interactions within populations include sexual reproduction and competition
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4
Q

Individuals:

A
  • products of a single fertilization
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5
Q

2 Types of Individuals:

A
  1. Genet
  2. Ramet
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6
Q

Genet:

A
  • one unit
  • cluster
  • Ex. the aspen grove
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7
Q

Ramet:

A
  • If members of a genet are independent physiologically
  • units within genet
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8
Q

Estimating Abundance and Distribution:

A
  • Complete counts of individual organisms in a population are often difficult or impossible
  • Several methods are used to estimate the actual abundance or absolute population size
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9
Q

Area-based Counts:

A
  • Used most often to estimate the abundance of immobile organisms
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10
Q

Quadrants:

A
  • Sampling areas of specific size, such as 1 m2
  • Individuals are counted in several quadrats; the counts are averaged to estimate population size.
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11
Q

Distance Methods:

A
  • distances of individuals from a line or point are converted into estimates of abundance
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12
Q

Line Transects:

A
  • The Observer travels along the line and counts individuals and their distance from the line
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13
Q

Mark-recapture Studies:

A
  • Used for mobile organisms
  • A subset of individuals is captured and marked or tagged, then released
  • Tag should not affect their performance in life
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14
Q

Ratio for Mark-recapture studies:

A

marked/ total population : recaptured marked / total caught

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15
Q

Relative Population Size:

A
  • Number of individuals in one time period or place relative to the number in another
  • Estimates are based on data presumed to be related to absolute population size
  • Interpretation of relative population size can be tricky
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16
Q

Distribution and Abundance:

A
  1. The distribution and abundance patterns of species and populations vary in their spatial extent across the landscape
  2. The distributions and abundances of organisms are limited by habitat suitability, historical factors, and dispersal
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17
Q

The distribution and abundance patterns of species and populations vary in their spatial extent across the landscape:

A
  • Not all habitat within a range is suitable: resulting in patchy distributions
  • This can operate at different spatial scales
  • At large scales, climate may dictate the locations of populations
  • At small scales, soils, topography, other species, etc., can determine patchiness
18
Q

Dispersion:

A
  • spatial arrangement of individuals within a population
  • Often results from the distribution of resources
  • Interactions can influence dispersion- individuals may repeal or attract others
19
Q

Types of Dispersion:

A
  1. Regular
  2. Random
  3. Clumped
20
Q

Regular Dispersion:

A
  • Individuals are evenly spaced (checkerboard)
21
Q

Random Distribution:

A
  • individuals scattered randomly
22
Q

Clumped Distribution:

A
  • the most common pattern
23
Q

Random or Clumped Dispersion results from…

A
  • short dispersal distances
24
Q

Competiton:

A
  • results in the regular dispersion of some species
25
Q

Species Distribution Modelling:

A
  • Predicts a species’ distribution based on conditions at locations the species is known to occupy
26
Q

Habitat Rules for Each Species:

A
  • describes environmental conditions where it was most likely to be found
27
Q

Biotic Features:

A
  • Organisms are affected by herbivores, predators, competitors, parasites, and pathogens
28
Q

Cooperative Breeding:

A
  • Young birds postpone breeding and instead help their parents raise more offspring
  • In high-quality territories
  • Results in clumped dispersion
  • Advantageous when high-quality territories are scarce
    -If high-quality territories are abundant, cooperative breeding is not favoured
29
Q

Disturbance:

A
  • Events that kill or damage some individuals, create opportunities for other individuals to grow and reproduce
  • Some species’ distribution depends on disturbance
30
Q

Historical Factors:

A
  • Evolutionary history and geologic events affect the modern distribution of species
31
Q

Dispersal Limitation:

A
  • Can prevent species from reaching areas of suitable habitat
  • Species vary in their ability to disperse
32
Q

Migration:

A
  • involves round-trip movement in response to seasonal variations in resources
33
Q

Metapopulation:

A
  • A set of spatially isolated populations linked by the dispersal of individuals or gametes
  • Characterized by repeated extinctions and colonizations of small individual populations, but the metapopulation persists
34
Q

Habitat Fragmentation:

A
  • Large tracts of habitat are converted to isolated patches, resulting in a metapopulation structure
  • As patches get smaller and more isolated, colonization decreases and the extinction rate increases
35
Q

Isolation by Distance Definition:

A
  • when patches are too far apart
36
Q

Isolation by Distance May Affect:

A
  • the chance of extinction
  • a patch that is near an occupied patch may receive immigrants repeatedly
  • the chance of extinction
  • a patch that is near an occupied patch may receive immigrants repeatedly
37
Q

Patch Size:

A
  • small patches may be hard to find and have high extinction rates
38
Q

Rescue Effect:

A
  • high rates of immigration that protect a population from extinction
39
Q

Geographic Range:

A
  • The entire geographic region over which a species is found
  • There is great variation in species ranges
    the geographic ranges of many species are not well-known
  • Many tropical plants have small ranges
  • In 1978, 90 new species were discovered
  • includes areas occupied during all life stages
40
Q
A

Ecology 2483 (21 decks)

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