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Ecology 2483 > Lecture 14 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Communities

A
  • groups of interacting species that occur together at the same place and time
  • Ecologists usually define communities based on physical/ biological characteristics
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2
Q

Physically Defined

A
  • might encompass all the species in a sand dune, a mountain stream, or a dessert
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3
Q

Biologically Defined

A
  • this approach emphasizes the importance of abundant species, such as trees
  • Ex. kelp forest
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4
Q

Ecologists usually consider a subset of _____

A
  • species when they define and study communities
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5
Q

Subset of Species can be Defined by

A
  • taxonomic affinity
  • guild
  • functional group
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6
Q

Taxonomic Affinity

A
  • all bird species in a community
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7
Q

Guild

A
  • Group of species that use the same resources
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8
Q

Functional Group

A
  • Species that function in similar ways, but do not necessarily use the same resources
  • Ex. C4 group
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9
Q

Trophic Levels

A
  • Primary producers (autotrophs) - plants and algae
  • Primary consumers - herbivores
  • Secondary consumer - carnivores
  • Tertiary consumers - carnivores
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10
Q

Food Webs

A
  • tell little about the strength of interactions or their importance in the community
  • do not include non-trophic interactions
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11
Q

Horizontal Interactions

A
  • competition
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12
Q

Interaction Webs

A
  • more accurately describe both the trophic (vertical) and non-trophic (horizontal) interactions than a traditional food wed
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13
Q

Community Structure

A
  • the set of characteristics that shape communities
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14
Q

Species Richness

A
  • the number of species in a community
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15
Q

Species Evenness

A
  • relative abundances compared with one another
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16
Q

Species Diversity

A
  • combines species richness and species evenness
17
Q

Biodiversity

A
  • described diversity at multiple spatial scales
  • From genes to species to communities
  • Implicit is the interconnectedness of all the components
18
Q

Genetic Diversity

A
  • affects the viability of populations
  • Which in turn affects species diversity
  • The number of community types in an area is critical to diversity at larger regional and latitudinal scales
19
Q

Rank Abundance Curve

A
  • plot the proportional abundance of each species (pi ) relative to the others in rank order
20
Q

Relative Abundance

A
  • suggest what species interactions might be occurring
  • Community A, the dominant species might have a storing negative effet on the three rare species
  • Experiments that add or remove species are used to explore these relationships
21
Q

Species Composition

A
  • the identity of species in a community
  • The identity of species is critical to understanding community structure
22
Q

Species Accumulation Curve

A
  • species richness is plotted as a function of the total number of individuals that have been counted
  • Curves can help determine when most or all of the species in a community have been observed
23
Q

Interaction of Multiple Species

A
  • Communities can be characterized by complex networks of direct and indirect interactions that vary in strength and direction
24
Q

Direct Interactions

A
  • occur between 2 species
  • Ex. competition, predation, and facilitation
25
Q

Indirect Interactions

A
  • occur when the relationship between 2 species is mediated by a third (or more) species
26
Q

A Trophic Cascade

A
  • Strong linear relationship of direct effects between organisms that eat one another
  • The negatives are causing -/+ affects
27
Q

Trophic Facilitation

A
  • a consumer is indirectly facilitated by a positive interaction between its prey and another species
28
Q

Competitive Networks

A
  • competitive interactions among multiple species in which every species negatively interacts with every other species
  • Strong direct competition is buffered, competitive interactions weaker, and no one species dominates
29
Q

Interaction Strength

A
  • magnitude of the effect of one species on the abundance of another species
30
Q

Dominant Species or Foundation Species

A
  • have large effects on other species
  • This species’ diversity, by virtue of their considerable abundance or biomass
31
Q

Ecosystem Engineers

A
  • they create, modify, or maintain physical habitats for themselves and other species
  • Are dominant species
32
Q

Keystone Species

A
  • have a strong effect because of their roles in the community
  • Their effect is large in proportion to their biomass/ abundance
  • Usually influence community structure indirectly, via trophic means
  • Some can be ecosystem engineers (ex. beavers)
  • They are building dams that transform the swiftly flowing streams into marshes with wetland plants
33
Q
A

Ecology 2483 (21 decks)

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