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Clin Path 2 - Unit 1 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

immature erythrocytes that contain organelles

A

reticulocytes

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2
Q

two forms of reticulocytes that are specific to cats

A

Aggregate
Punctate

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3
Q

form of reticulocyte specific to cats - large clumps of reticulum

A

aggregate

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4
Q

form of reticulocyte specific to cats - 2 to 8 small blue granules

A

punctate

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5
Q

left and right reticulocytes

A

aggregate
punctate

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6
Q

which species should you not do reticulocyte counts on because they don’t release reticulocytes

A

horses

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7
Q

higher percentage of reticulocytes means what

A

hemolytic anemia

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8
Q

lower percentage of reticulocytes means what

A

hemorrhagic anemia

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9
Q

Four ways to classify anemia by etiology

A

hemolytic
hemorrhagic
iron deficiency
production disorders

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10
Q

class of anemia etiology that is the result of erythrocyte destruction within the blood

A

hemolytic

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11
Q

four causes of hemolytic anemia

A

immune related destruction
erythrocyte parasites
bacterial/viral
toxins

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12
Q

class of anemia etiology from acute or chronic blood loss

A

hemorrhagic anemia

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13
Q

class of anemia etiology is from nutrient deficiencies or chronic blood loss

A

iron deficiency

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14
Q

class of anemia etiology from reduced rates of erythropoiesis or defective erythropoiesis

A

production disorders

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15
Q

how do you calculate corrected reticulocyte count

A

(observed reticulocytes x observed PCV) / Normal PCV

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16
Q

how do you calculate reticulocyte production index

A

corrected reticulocyte percentage / maturation time from of reticulocytes from PCV

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17
Q

what would the maturation time before if a dogs corrected reticulocyte count is 5% and reticulocyte maturation index is 2.5.

A

2 - which would mean 2 times the normal rate

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18
Q

valuable tool for diagnosis and prognosis in specific cases

A

bone marrow eval

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19
Q

four reasons to do a bone marrow eval

A

unexplained anemia
unexplained immature cells
neoplastic diseases
parasitic infections

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20
Q

two ways to collect bone marrow

A

aspiration biopsy
core biopsy

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21
Q

preferred locations for bone marrow aspiration biopsy

A

head of femur or humerus

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22
Q

marrow smears should be made immediately if not mixed with what

A

EDTA

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23
Q

how long can you wait to make a marrow smear if it is mixed with EDTA? And if not mixed with EDTA?

A

1 hour (mixed with EDTA)
immediately (not mixed with EDTA)

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24
Q

most useful technique for making a marrow smear

A

compression smear

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25
what must you always have to evaluate bone marrow films
differential WBC count from concurrent peripheral blood
26
what happens to the fat in bone marrow as an animal ages
it increases with age
27
three ways to describe marrow samples
nucleated cells vs the amount of fat present: acellular hypercellular hypocellular
28
what does M:E ratio refer to when evaluating bone marrow
myeloid cells (WBCs) : erythroid cells (RBCs)
29
what is a normal M:E ratio for bone marrow
0.75:1.0 and 2.0:1.0
30
another way to classify bone marrow results, besides M:E ratio
maturation index
31
Test of the ability for RBCs to withstand hemolysis in varying concentrations of saline
Erythrocyte osmotic fragility test
32
abnormalities seen in bone marrow samples can be classified as changes in what two things
cell numbers or cell morphology
33
five kinds of cell morphology that may be evident when examining bone marrow aspirate
Fibrinous inflammation Chronic inflammation Chronic Granulomatous inflammation Chronic Pyogranulomatous Neoplastic Neoplasia
34
two kinds of neoplasia seen in bone marrow disorders
Lymphoproliferative (too many lymphocytes) myeloproliferative (too many blood cells)
35
two ways to classify anemia (not etiology)
regenerative anemia non regenerative anemia
36
anemia from loss of RBC production
regenerative anemia
37
anemia from RBC loss or destruction
non regenerative anemia
38
which class of anemia show reticulocytes and larger RBCs
regenerative anemia
39
which class of anemia shows macrocytosis and Howell-Jolly bodies
regenerative anemia
40
which class of anemia shows a reduced MCHC (Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) and why does this happen
regenerative anemia because younger RBCs have less hemoglobin in them
41
mature red blood cells that are larger than normal
macrocytosis
42
more immature red blood cells than what's considered normal
polychromasia
43
If the regenerative response is strong enough, you may see what
metarubricytes
44
A red blood cell precursor, the last nucleated stage of red blood cell production
metarubricytes
45
what is bone marrow doing in regenerative anemia
responding to the loss of blood
46
regeneration signs are within _______ days from the cause of anemia
4 to 7 days
47
red blood cells that are of different sizes
anisocytosis
48
two ways to describe these red blood cells
polychromasia - more immature RBCs that what is considered normal anisocytosis - RBCs of different sizes
49
upper left and upper right abnormality
upper left: metarubricyte upper right: Howell-Jolly body
50
in which anemia is bone marrow unable to respond to blood loss
non regenerative anemia
51
common cause of non regenerative anemia
Lack of erythropoiesis/ erythropoietin
52
three ways that RBCs can be destroyed with hemolytic anemia
immune components attach to RBC >>> Macrophage: Extravascular hemolysis in spleen/liver/bone marrow Antibodies: Intravascular hemolysis – (schistocytes)
53
is hemolytic anemia usually regenerative or non regenerative
regenerative
54
hemolytic anemia releases hemoglobin where
into the plasma (hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria)
55
hemolytic anemia can cause acute kidney injury because free hemoglobin is ________
nephrotoxic
56
which class of anemia can cause high levels of bilirubin
hemolytic anemia
57
Immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) will show what on a Saline agglutination test
agglutination and destruction of RBCs
58
what species is most effected by Immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)
Dogs 2 - 8 years old
59
what is the prognosis for Immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)
guarded 30-40% will die even w/ aggressive treatment, relapses are common
60
an immature RBC that has already lost its nucleus
polychromatophil
61
spherical red blood cells without an area of central pallor and are usually slightly smaller in size than the average red cell
spherocyte
62
what kind of anemia
Feline infectious anemia (FIA) (can see microorganisms on blood film)
63
most common cause of hemorrhagic anemia
trauma
64
what happens to the MCHC with iron deficiency
it is low - hemoglobin is lost
65
how long should iron be supplemented with an iron deficiency
30 - 60 days
66
Hemoglobin concentration is dependent upon what
iron being present
67
type of anemia in which the circulating red blood cells (RBCs) are the same size and have a normal red color
Normocytic anemia
68
microcytic anemia is almost always from what
iron deficiency
69
classification of hemoglobin: Reduced hemoglobin concentration Newly released polychromatic RBCs (Retics) Iron deficiency
hypochromatic hemoglobin
70
classification of hemoglobin: Normal levels of hemoglobin Most other types of anemia
Normochromic hemoglobin
71
why is hyperchromatic hemoglobin not possible
RBCs have a fixed capacity for hemoglobin

Clin Path 2 - Unit 1 (13 decks)

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