Lecture 5 Flashcards by Liz Dywiak

two different blood film techniques

wedge smear
coverslip smear

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what kind of blood film technique

wedge smear

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what kind of blood film technique

coverslip smear

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when can a blood smear appear too thin

can occur with anemic patients

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what can you do if a blood sample seems too thin

increase the angle to 45-60 degrees

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when can a blood smear appear too thick

can occur with dehydrated patients

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what can you do if a blood sample seems too thick

decrease the angle to 20 degrees

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another reason why smears can be really thick and take up the entire slide

you are probably using too much blood

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two kinds of Romanowsky stains

Wright stain
Wright-Giemsa stain

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what are the three steps of the Diff Quik process

Fixative
Eosin
Methylene Blue

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what makes up the Fixative in Diff Quik stain

95% menthanol

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what step of the Diff Quik stain is buffered with an acidic pH

Eosin

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which step of the Diff Quik stain:

stains basic components of the cell
hemoglobin and eosinophilic granules

Eosin

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which step of the Diff Quik stain is buffered to alkaline pH

methylene blue

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which step of the Diff Quik stain:

Stains the acidic components of the cell
Leukocyte nuclei

Methylene Blue

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how long do you agitate the blood smear slide in each step of the Diff Quik

Fixative, 60 seconds
Eosin, 30 seconds
Methylene Blue, 30 seconds

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Three regions of the blood smear

feathered edge
counting area
body

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the area between the body and the feathered edge of a blood smear slide

counting area

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what is another name for the counting area on a blood smear slide

monolayer

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regions of blood smear - left to right

feathered edge > monolayer (counting area) > body

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region on a blood smear:

This is where RBCs, WBCs, and platelets can be identified, and their morphology evaluated

monolayer (counting area)

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Cell morphology should not be evaluated at this area of the blood smear

feathered edge

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region on a blood smear:

It is thick and the cells are piled on each other
Difficult to identify and evaluate cells in this area

body area

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area on blood smear

feathered edge

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area on blood smear

monolayer (counting area)

area on blood smear

body area

what power is used to evaluate blood films

oil immersion 100x

what is central pallor on the RBC

the concave center of the blood cell

What species has the RBC morphology: biconcave disc shape with an area of central pallor, have LARGEST diameter RBCs at 7μm (micrometer/micron)

canine

What species has the RBC morphology: round with little to no area of pallor

feline

What species has the RBC morphology: somewhere between dog and cat

equine

what kind of RBC morphology do birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish have

nucleated RBCs

what kind of RBC morphology do llamas and camelids have (sheep and goats maybe?)

elongated oval shaped RBCs

having red blood cells that are of different sizes

anisocytosis

red blood cells that are larger than normal

macrocytic

red blood cells that are smaller than normal

microcytic

what species is anisocytosis common in

cattle, certain dog breeds

species RBC

canine

species RBC

feline

species RBC

equine

species RBC

camelids

species RBC

birds/reptiles

WBC type

neutrophils

WBC function: Phagocytosis defend the body against bacterial infection

neutrophils

how many lobes are normal in neutrophils

3 to 5 lobes

most abundant WBC in most mammals

neutrophils

Immature neutrophils are called _______ due to the shape of their nuclei

bands

what do increased numbers of band cells indicate

inflammation

what is an increase in bands cells referred to as

left shift

What kind of leukogram is a left shift

inflammatory leukogram

part of the CBC that analyzes white blood cells

leukogram

what kind of nucleus does a mature neutrophil have

segmented

In neutrophils, ________ granules are typically NOT visible with Diff-quick stain

cytoplasmic

top and bottom WBCs

Top: band neutrophil Bottom: segmented (hyper segmented) neutrophil

elevated neutrophil count

neutrophilia

decreased neutrophil count

neutropenia

four neutrophil pools

Proliferation Pool Maturation/Storage Pool Circulating Pool Marginate Pool

where is the proliferation pool

bone marrow

where is the maturation/storage pool

bone marrow

where is the circulating pool

blood vessels

where is the marginate pool

blood vessels

neutrophil pool: Contains immature cells that can still divide

proliferation pool

neutrophil pool: Contains post-division neutrophils Provides quick, ready-to-use storage

maturation/storage pool

neutrophil pool: This is what is supposed to be in the blood stream Mature neutrophils

circulating pool

neutrophil pool: These are technically not in circulation They attach to and migrate through the endothelium They enter tissues when needed

marginate pool

three things that cause neutrophils to move around between pools - This means that if you see a pet with a high neutrophil count, it is due to one of these three things.

stress excitement inflammation

left and right WBC

Left: Band Cell - immature neutrophil Right: Mature segmented neutrophil

Heterophil - similar to neutrophils but found in birds, reptiles and some fish

what color do eosinophilic granules stain

red

WBC usually present in low numbers. Can Phagocytose Allergies and Parasites

Eosinophil

eosinophils

what color do basophil granules stain

purple

WBC that is fairly rare in a healthy blood sample Increased numbers indicate inflammation or infectious conditions Function in mediation of the immune system

basophils

what is the most abundant WBC in ruminants

lymphocytes

where are lymphocytes produced

thymus

WBC: Major function – production of antibodies, Functions in acquired immunity (memory)

lymphocytes

what do increased numbers of lymphocytes indicate

viral infection

lymphocytes

largest WBC

monocytes

WBC: Major function is phagocytosis Tissue repair Immune response Recycle RBCs

monocytes

what can increased numbers of monocytes indicate

chronic infection, inflammation or stress

monocytes

normal canine range for WBC estimate

6,000 - 17,000/uL

normal feline range for WBC estimate

5,500-19,500/uL

formula to figure corrected WBC count in anemic canine patient

Corrected count = Estimated count x PCV/45 dogs PCV = Packed Cell Volume

formula to figure corrected WBC count in anemic feline patient

Corrected count = Estimated count x PCV/35 cats PCV = Packed Cell Volume

how many WBCs are counted and classified with the manual cell counter

100

nonnucleated fragments of cytoplasm released from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

platelets

what is the function of platelets

clot formation

increased platelet count

Thrombocytosis

decreased platelet count

Thrombocytopenia

canine normal range for platelets

220,000-550,000/µL

feline normal range for platelets

300,000-500,000/µL

T or F: Platelet clumping is common in mammals

True