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Clin Path 2 - Unit 1 > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

WBC abnormality:

Congenital defect
Hyposegmentation of all granulocyte nuclei

A

Pelger-Huet anomaly

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2
Q

What is Nuclear hyposegmentation

A

nuclei have less lobes than normal

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3
Q

WBC abnormality

A

Pelger-Huet anomaly (nuclear hyposegmentation)

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4
Q

WBC abnormality:

Very common
Nuclei with 5 or more lobes
Can be due to aging neutrophils either in vivo or in vitro (prolonged storage)
Common in poodles with macrocytosis

A

Nuclear hypersegmentation

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5
Q

WBCL abnormality

A

Nuclear hypersegmentation

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6
Q

Caused by decreased length of time in the neutrophil maturation process with bone marrow

A

toxic changes

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7
Q

four kinds of toxic changes in WBCs

A

Cytoplasmic basophilia
Döhle bodies
toxic granulation
giantism

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8
Q

Just like a left shift, the presence of _______ ________ suggests increased granulocytopoiesis

A

toxic neutrophils

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9
Q

are small grey blue areas that represent ribosomes

Immature and toxic granulocytes

A

Dohle bodies

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10
Q
A

Dohle bodies

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11
Q

an abnormal structure, or foreign cell within a cell

A

inclusion body

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12
Q

Inclusion bodies can be a _________ problem

A

developmental

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13
Q

four things that can cause an inclusion body (besides developmental problem)

A

virus
protozoal
baterical
fungal

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14
Q

inclusion bodies can also be from WBC ________ the invader in an attempt to kill it

A

engulfing

(image is an inclusion body)

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15
Q
A

Inclusion Body

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16
Q

inclusion

A

Intracytoplasmic inclusions

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17
Q

Increased lymphocyte count

A

lymphocytosis

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18
Q

four causes of lymphocytosis

A

Excitement
Vaccination
Lymphoid leukemia
Rickettsial infection (ehlichiosis)

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19
Q

Decreased lymphocyte count

A

lymphopenia

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20
Q

two causes of lymphopenia

A

Steroids/stress keep lymphocytes out of circulation

Loss of lymphocytes with diseases like chylothorax and lymphangiectasis

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21
Q

another name for reactive lymphocytes

A

immunocytes

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22
Q

These are “busy” lymphocytes

A

Reactive Lymphocytes (immunocytes)

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23
Q

Increase basophilic cytoplasm
More abundant cytoplasm
Sometimes a large, convoluted nuclei
Usually caused by antigenic stimulation

A

Reactive Lymphocytes (immunocytes)

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24
Q
A

reactive lymphocytes (immunocytes)

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25
Q

Increased monocyte count

A

monocytosis

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26
Q

four causes for monocytosis

A

Stress/steroids
Chronic inflammation
Fungal infection
Compensating for neutropenia

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27
Q

Degenerative leukocytes that have ruptured

A

Smudge cells (Basket cells)

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28
Q

what can Smudge cells (Basket cells) be when making a blood smear

A

artifacts

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29
Q

When do Smudge Cells (Basket cells) become significant

A

only when large numbers are present

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30
Q
A

Smudge cells (Basket cells)

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31
Q

Increased neutrophil count

A

neutrophilia

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32
Q

three causes of neutrophilia

A

inflammation
stress
excitement/fear

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33
Q

Neutrophilia caused from inflammation:

Do not confuse inflammation with _______

A

infection

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34
Q

Neutrophilia caused from stress comes from ________

A

steroids

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35
Q

Neutrophilia caused from excitement/fear comes from _______

A

epinephrine

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36
Q

Four changes that are seen with inflammatory leukogram

A

neutrophilia
left shift
monocytosis
lymphopenia

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37
Q

A toxic change usually accompanies what kind of leukogram

A

inflammatory

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38
Q

Two key concepts of inflammatory leukograms

A

is the response sufficient to combat the inflammation
is the inflammation winning

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39
Q

what kind of inflammatory leukogram:

If the body is able to keep up with the cells needed

A

compensated

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40
Q

what kind of inflammatory leukogram:

If the body cannot keep up with the cells needed

A

non compensated

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41
Q

compensated inflammatory leukogram is neutrophilia where ________ is greater than _______

A

segmentation
bands

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42
Q

non compensated inflammatory leukogram is neutrophilia where ________ is greater than ________

A

bands
segmentation

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43
Q

stress leukogram is due to increased endogenous (or exogenous administered) __________

A

corticosteroids

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44
Q

Four findings included in the classic stress leukogram

A

Neutrophilia
Lymphopenia
Monocytosis
Eosinopenia

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45
Q

most common finding in stress leukogram

A

lymphopenia

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46
Q

finding on stress leukogram: common in dogs, seen occasionally in cats, and seen only rarely in horses and cattle.

A

monocytosis

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47
Q

Only use the term “_______ leukogram” when referring to changes that you are attributing to corticosteroids.

A

stress

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48
Q

This is due to epinephrine or norepinephrine and is called a “flight or fight” response.

A

physiologic leukocytosis

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49
Q

Changes on the fear/excitement leukogram due to _________ responses are most commonly seen in cats (of any age), horses, and younger animals.

A

epinephrine

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50
Q

Three things that make up the typical pattern of the fear/excitement leukogram

A

mild neutrophilia
lymphocytosis
possibility of eosinophilia and basophilia

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51
Q

On a fear/excitement leukogram, these changes are usually transient and will diminish within about ______ minutes after the animal calms.

A

30

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52
Q

Decreased neutrophil count

A

neutopenia

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53
Q

five causes of neutropenia

A

Severe inflammation
Bone marrow disease
Infectious agents, especially viruses
Drugs
Overwhelming bacterial infection (endotoxin)

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54
Q

three abnormal platelet morphologies

A

Clumps
Enlarged platelets
Activated platelets

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55
Q

platelet clumps are considered an ______

A

artifact

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56
Q

platelet clumps causes the analyzer to read the result as artifactually _______

A

low

57
Q

most common “real” abnormality of platelets

A

enlarged platelets

58
Q

enlarged platelets are due to what (except in cats)

A

increased demand

59
Q

Activated platelets are usually an artifact from what

A

a difficult draw

60
Q
A

platelet clumps

61
Q
A

enlarged platelets

62
Q

Stacking of erythrocytes that look like stacks of coins

A

rouleaux

63
Q

what species is rouleaux normal in

A

horses

64
Q
A

rouleaux

65
Q

Irregular, variably sized RBCs in clumps

Occurs in immune-mediated disorders

A

Autoagglutination

66
Q
A

Autoagglutination

67
Q

what can cause Autoagglutination in dogs

A

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)

68
Q

A. and B.

A

A. Rouleaux
B. Agglutination

69
Q

how can you differentiate agglutination vs rouleaux on a blood smear

A

saline dispersion test

70
Q

Saline dispersion test will disperse _________ but not __________

A

rouleaux
agglutination

71
Q

variation in the size of RBCs

A

anisocytosis

72
Q

anisocytosis may indicate the presence of what two things

A

macrocytes (large cells)
microcytes (small cells)
a combo of both

73
Q

Macrocytes have _________ mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

A

increased

74
Q

Microcytes have _________ mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

A

decreased

75
Q

Macrocytes are usually young ________

A

reticulocytes

76
Q

Microcytes may be seen with ______ deficiency

A

iron

77
Q
A

Anisocytosis

77
Q

Anisocytosis is a common finding in normal _________ blood

A

bovine

78
Q

variation in red blood cell color:

erythrocytes that exhibit a bluish tint when stained with Romanowsky-type stain

usually appear as reticulocytes

A

Polychromasia

79
Q

RBCs with decreased color

A

Hypochromasia

80
Q

three causes of Hypochromasia

A

Insufficient hemoglobin

Very pale central region

Iron deficiency

81
Q

variation in red blood cell color:

Darkly stained RBCs

Gives appearance of too much hemoglobin, but a cell has a fixed capacity for hemoglobin so oversaturation cannot occur

Usually microcytes or spherocytes

A

Hyperchromatophilic

82
Q

variation in red blood cell color:

A

polychromasia

83
Q

Refers to variable RBC shape

A

Poikilocytosis

84
Q

variation in red blood cell shape:

RBC fragments

A

Schistocytes

85
Q

cause of Schistocytes

A

Trauma due to intravascular shearing

86
Q

variation in red blood cell shape

A

schistocytes

87
Q

variation of red blood cell shape:

“Spur cells”
Irregular and spiculated
Have knobby tips.

A

acanthocytes

88
Q

Acanthocytes are present in high numbers in _______ disease, ________ disease, and hemangiosarcoma

A

liver
renal

89
Q

variation of red blood cell shape

A

acanthocytes

90
Q

variation in red blood cell shape:

“Burr cells”

Characterized by many small, evenly spaced thorny projections

A

echinocytes

91
Q

variation of red blood cell shape

A

echinocytes

92
Q

variation of red blood cell shape:

Sickle cells
Deer and angora goats

A

Drepanocytes

93
Q

variation of red blood cell shape

A

Drepanocytes

94
Q

variation of red blood cell shape:

“Helmet cells”, “blister cells”, “or bite cells”

A

Keratocytes

95
Q

variation of red blood cell shape

A

keratocytes

96
Q

variation of red blood cell shape:

Small, dark staining RBCs with reduced or no central pallor

Hard to detect in species other than dogs

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

Following transfusions

A

Spherocytes

97
Q

variation of red blood cell shape

A

spherocytes

98
Q

variation of red blood cell shape:

Folded cells
Slitlike pale region
Artifacts if all the areas of pallor are all perpendicular to the feathered edge

A

Stomatocytes

99
Q

variation of red blood cell shape

A

stomatocytes

100
Q

variation of red blood cell shape:

Diabetic ketoacidosis, neoplasia, Babesia canis, ingestion of garlic, onions, acetaminophen

Hemoglobin pushed to one side

A

Eccentrocytes

101
Q

variation of red blood cell shape

A

Eccentrocytes

102
Q

variation of red blood cell shape:

Ovoid shaped

Normal in camelids and nonmammals

In other species – lymphoblastic leukemia, hepatic lipidosis, portosytemic shunts, glomerulonephritis

A

elliptocytes

103
Q

variation in red blood cell shape

A

elliptocytes

104
Q

variation in red blood cell shape:

Teardrop shaped

Myelofibrosis and myeloproliferative diseases

Can be an artifact

All pointing the same direction

A

Dacryocytes

105
Q

variation in red blood cell shape

A

dacryocytes

106
Q

inclusion in red blood cells:

Presence of small, dark-blue bodies

Represents residual RNA

A

basophilic stippling

107
Q

two common reasons for Basophilic stippling

A

Immature RBCs of ruminants
Lead poisoning

108
Q

inclusion in red blood cells:

A

basophilic stippling

109
Q

inclusion in red blood cells:

Basophilic nuclear remnants in young RBCs in response to anemia

A

Howell Jolly bodies

110
Q

when are Howell Jolly bodies removed

A

when passed through the spleen

111
Q

what does an increased number of Howell Jolly bodies indicate

A

spleen disorders

112
Q

inclusion in red blood cells

A

Howell Jolly bodies

113
Q

inclusion in red blood cells:

Round blue structures ‒ denatured hemoglobin

Causes by certain oxidant drugs and chemicals > denatured hemoglobin attaches to cell membrane

Normal in cats in 5% of RBCs, but increased amounts indicate lymphosarcoma, hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus

A

Heinz bodies

114
Q

inclusion in red blood cells

A

Heinz bodies

115
Q

inclusion in red blood cells

A

Heinz bodies

116
Q

left and right inclusion in red blood cells

A

Heinz bodies
Left: Diff Quik stain
Right: New Methylene Blue

117
Q

inclusion in red blood cells

Immature cells during anemia

metarurbricytes

Normal in nonmammals

A

Nucleated erythrocytes

118
Q

inclusion on red blood cells

A

nucleated erythrocytes

119
Q

red blood cell artifact:

Associated with drying technique

A

crenation

120
Q

when water exits an animal cell, little spikes appear on the plasma membrane. What is this process called

A

crenation

121
Q

red blood cell Artifact:

These typically result from air bubbles in the RBCs.

They sparkle as you move them through the focal plane.

Often result from overheating

A

Refractile artifacts

122
Q

red blood cell artifact

A

refractile artifact

123
Q

red blood cell artifact associated with drying

A

Target cells

124
Q

red blood cell artifact:

Usually results from stain precipitate

Is usually refractile

Granules should be irregular and not “match” any of your known inclusion bodies.

A

granular artifact

125
Q

red blood cell artifact

A

granular artifact

126
Q

parasite on blood film

A

Dirofilaria immitis – Heartworm microfilaria

127
Q

parasite on blood film

A

Mycoplasma haemofelis – feline

Fairly common parasite of feline RBCs
Hemobartonellosis or feline infectious anemia
Small, coccoid, rod-shaped or ringlike, and dark
Periphery of RBCs

128
Q

parasite on blood film:

Seen mostly with Monocytes and neutrophils

Dogs, tick vector

A

Ehrlichia

129
Q

parasite on blood film

A

Ehrlichia

130
Q

parasite on blood film:

Small, dark-stained cocci at margin of RBC
Cattle, wild ruminants, tick vector
Diff from Howell-jolly bodies

A

anaplasma

131
Q

parasite on blood film

A

anaplasma

132
Q

parasite on blood film:

Swine, cattle, llamas

Similar to hemobartonellosis (closely related)

Ring form most common

A

Eperythrozoa

133
Q

parasite on blood film

A

Eperythrozoa

134
Q

parasite on blood film:

Feline
Irregular ring forms within RBCs, lymphs, macrophages

A

cytauxzoon

135
Q

parasite on blood film

A

Cytauxzoon

136
Q

parasite on blood film:

Cattle, horses, dogs

Large, appears as rings/ tear drops in pairs, in RBCs

A

Babesia

137
Q

parasite on blood film

A

Babesia

Clin Path 2 - Unit 1 (13 decks)

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