Lecture 6 Flashcards
1
Q
WBC abnormality:
Congenital defect
Hyposegmentation of all granulocyte nuclei
A
Pelger-Huet anomaly
2
Q
What is Nuclear hyposegmentation
A
nuclei have less lobes than normal
3
Q
WBC abnormality
A
Pelger-Huet anomaly (nuclear hyposegmentation)
4
Q
WBC abnormality:
Very common
Nuclei with 5 or more lobes
Can be due to aging neutrophils either in vivo or in vitro (prolonged storage)
Common in poodles with macrocytosis
A
Nuclear hypersegmentation
5
Q
WBCL abnormality
A
Nuclear hypersegmentation
6
Q
Caused by decreased length of time in the neutrophil maturation process with bone marrow
A
toxic changes
7
Q
four kinds of toxic changes in WBCs
A
Cytoplasmic basophilia
Döhle bodies
toxic granulation
giantism
8
Q
Just like a left shift, the presence of _______ ________ suggests increased granulocytopoiesis
A
toxic neutrophils
9
Q
are small grey blue areas that represent ribosomes
Immature and toxic granulocytes
A
Dohle bodies
10
Q
A
Dohle bodies
11
Q
an abnormal structure, or foreign cell within a cell
A
inclusion body
12
Q
Inclusion bodies can be a _________ problem
A
developmental
13
Q
four things that can cause an inclusion body (besides developmental problem)
A
virus
protozoal
baterical
fungal
14
Q
inclusion bodies can also be from WBC ________ the invader in an attempt to kill it
A
engulfing
(image is an inclusion body)
15
Q
A
Inclusion Body
16
Q
inclusion
A
Intracytoplasmic inclusions
17
Q
Increased lymphocyte count
A
lymphocytosis
18
Q
four causes of lymphocytosis
A
Excitement
Vaccination
Lymphoid leukemia
Rickettsial infection (ehlichiosis)
19
Q
Decreased lymphocyte count
A
lymphopenia
20
Q
two causes of lymphopenia
A
Steroids/stress keep lymphocytes out of circulation
Loss of lymphocytes with diseases like chylothorax and lymphangiectasis
21
Q
another name for reactive lymphocytes
A
immunocytes
22
Q
These are “busy” lymphocytes
A
Reactive Lymphocytes (immunocytes)
23
Q
Increase basophilic cytoplasm
More abundant cytoplasm
Sometimes a large, convoluted nuclei
Usually caused by antigenic stimulation
A
Reactive Lymphocytes (immunocytes)
24
Q
A
reactive lymphocytes (immunocytes)
25
Increased monocyte count
monocytosis
26
four causes for monocytosis
Stress/steroids
Chronic inflammation
Fungal infection
Compensating for neutropenia
27
Degenerative leukocytes that have ruptured
Smudge cells (Basket cells)
28
what can Smudge cells (Basket cells) be when making a blood smear
artifacts
29
When do Smudge Cells (Basket cells) become significant
only when large numbers are present
30
Smudge cells (Basket cells)
31
Increased neutrophil count
neutrophilia
32
three causes of neutrophilia
inflammation
stress
excitement/fear
33
Neutrophilia caused from inflammation:
Do not confuse inflammation with _______
infection
34
Neutrophilia caused from stress comes from ________
steroids
35
Neutrophilia caused from excitement/fear comes from _______
epinephrine
36
Four changes that are seen with inflammatory leukogram
neutrophilia
left shift
monocytosis
lymphopenia
37
A toxic change usually accompanies what kind of leukogram
inflammatory
38
Two key concepts of inflammatory leukograms
is the response sufficient to combat the inflammation
is the inflammation winning
39
what kind of inflammatory leukogram:
If the body is able to keep up with the cells needed
compensated
40
what kind of inflammatory leukogram:
If the body cannot keep up with the cells needed
non compensated
41
compensated inflammatory leukogram is neutrophilia where ________ is greater than _______
segmentation
bands
42
non compensated inflammatory leukogram is neutrophilia where ________ is greater than ________
bands
segmentation
43
stress leukogram is due to increased endogenous (or exogenous administered) __________
corticosteroids
44
Four findings included in the classic stress leukogram
Neutrophilia
Lymphopenia
Monocytosis
Eosinopenia
45
most common finding in stress leukogram
lymphopenia
46
finding on stress leukogram: common in dogs, seen occasionally in cats, and seen only rarely in horses and cattle.
monocytosis
47
Only use the term “_______ leukogram” when referring to changes that you are attributing to corticosteroids.
stress
48
This is due to epinephrine or norepinephrine and is called a “flight or fight” response.
physiologic leukocytosis
49
Changes on the fear/excitement leukogram due to _________ responses are most commonly seen in cats (of any age), horses, and younger animals.
epinephrine
50
Three things that make up the typical pattern of the fear/excitement leukogram
mild neutrophilia
lymphocytosis
possibility of eosinophilia and basophilia
51
On a fear/excitement leukogram, these changes are usually transient and will diminish within about ______ minutes after the animal calms.
30
52
Decreased neutrophil count
neutopenia
53
five causes of neutropenia
Severe inflammation
Bone marrow disease
Infectious agents, especially viruses
Drugs
Overwhelming bacterial infection (endotoxin)
54
three abnormal platelet morphologies
Clumps
Enlarged platelets
Activated platelets
55
platelet clumps are considered an ______
artifact
56
platelet clumps causes the analyzer to read the result as artifactually _______
low
57
most common "real" abnormality of platelets
enlarged platelets
58
enlarged platelets are due to what (except in cats)
increased demand
59
Activated platelets are usually an artifact from what
a difficult draw
60
platelet clumps
61
enlarged platelets
62
Stacking of erythrocytes that look like stacks of coins
rouleaux
63
what species is rouleaux normal in
horses
64
rouleaux
65
Irregular, variably sized RBCs in clumps
Occurs in immune-mediated disorders
Autoagglutination
66
Autoagglutination
67
what can cause Autoagglutination in dogs
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)
68
A. and B.
A. Rouleaux
B. Agglutination
69
how can you differentiate agglutination vs rouleaux on a blood smear
saline dispersion test
70
Saline dispersion test will disperse _________ but not __________
rouleaux
agglutination
71
variation in the size of RBCs
anisocytosis
72
anisocytosis may indicate the presence of what two things
macrocytes (large cells)
microcytes (small cells)
a combo of both
73
Macrocytes have _________ mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
increased
74
Microcytes have _________ mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
decreased
75
Macrocytes are usually young ________
reticulocytes
76
Microcytes may be seen with ______ deficiency
iron
77
Anisocytosis
77
Anisocytosis is a common finding in normal _________ blood
bovine
78
variation in red blood cell color:
erythrocytes that exhibit a bluish tint when stained with Romanowsky-type stain
usually appear as reticulocytes
Polychromasia
79
RBCs with decreased color
Hypochromasia
80
three causes of Hypochromasia
Insufficient hemoglobin
Very pale central region
Iron deficiency
81
variation in red blood cell color:
Darkly stained RBCs
Gives appearance of too much hemoglobin, but a cell has a fixed capacity for hemoglobin so oversaturation cannot occur
Usually microcytes or spherocytes
Hyperchromatophilic
82
variation in red blood cell color:
polychromasia
83
Refers to variable RBC shape
Poikilocytosis
84
variation in red blood cell shape:
RBC fragments
Schistocytes
85
cause of Schistocytes
Trauma due to intravascular shearing
86
variation in red blood cell shape
schistocytes
87
variation of red blood cell shape:
“Spur cells”
Irregular and spiculated
Have knobby tips.
acanthocytes
88
Acanthocytes are present in high numbers in _______ disease, ________ disease, and hemangiosarcoma
liver
renal
89
variation of red blood cell shape
acanthocytes
90
variation in red blood cell shape:
“Burr cells”
Characterized by many small, evenly spaced thorny projections
echinocytes
91
variation of red blood cell shape
echinocytes
92
variation of red blood cell shape:
Sickle cells
Deer and angora goats
Drepanocytes
93
variation of red blood cell shape
Drepanocytes
94
variation of red blood cell shape:
“Helmet cells”, “blister cells”, “or bite cells”
Keratocytes
95
variation of red blood cell shape
keratocytes
96
variation of red blood cell shape:
Small, dark staining RBCs with reduced or no central pallor
Hard to detect in species other than dogs
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
Following transfusions
Spherocytes
97
variation of red blood cell shape
spherocytes
98
variation of red blood cell shape:
Folded cells
Slitlike pale region
Artifacts if all the areas of pallor are all perpendicular to the feathered edge
Stomatocytes
99
variation of red blood cell shape
stomatocytes
100
variation of red blood cell shape:
Diabetic ketoacidosis, neoplasia, Babesia canis, ingestion of garlic, onions, acetaminophen
Hemoglobin pushed to one side
Eccentrocytes
101
variation of red blood cell shape
Eccentrocytes
102
variation of red blood cell shape:
Ovoid shaped
Normal in camelids and nonmammals
In other species – lymphoblastic leukemia, hepatic lipidosis, portosytemic shunts, glomerulonephritis
elliptocytes
103
variation in red blood cell shape
elliptocytes
104
variation in red blood cell shape:
Teardrop shaped
Myelofibrosis and myeloproliferative diseases
Can be an artifact
All pointing the same direction
Dacryocytes
105
variation in red blood cell shape
dacryocytes
106
inclusion in red blood cells:
Presence of small, dark-blue bodies
Represents residual RNA
basophilic stippling
107
two common reasons for Basophilic stippling
Immature RBCs of ruminants
Lead poisoning
108
inclusion in red blood cells:
basophilic stippling
109
inclusion in red blood cells:
Basophilic nuclear remnants in young RBCs in response to anemia
Howell Jolly bodies
110
when are Howell Jolly bodies removed
when passed through the spleen
111
what does an increased number of Howell Jolly bodies indicate
spleen disorders
112
inclusion in red blood cells
Howell Jolly bodies
113
inclusion in red blood cells:
Round blue structures ‒ denatured hemoglobin
Causes by certain oxidant drugs and chemicals > denatured hemoglobin attaches to cell membrane
Normal in cats in 5% of RBCs, but increased amounts indicate lymphosarcoma, hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus
Heinz bodies
114
inclusion in red blood cells
Heinz bodies
115
inclusion in red blood cells
Heinz bodies
116
left and right inclusion in red blood cells
Heinz bodies
Left: Diff Quik stain
Right: New Methylene Blue
117
inclusion in red blood cells
Immature cells during anemia
metarurbricytes
Normal in nonmammals
Nucleated erythrocytes
118
inclusion on red blood cells
nucleated erythrocytes
119
red blood cell artifact:
Associated with drying technique
crenation
120
when water exits an animal cell, little spikes appear on the plasma membrane. What is this process called
crenation
121
red blood cell Artifact:
These typically result from air bubbles in the RBCs.
They sparkle as you move them through the focal plane.
Often result from overheating
Refractile artifacts
122
red blood cell artifact
refractile artifact
123
red blood cell artifact associated with drying
Target cells
124
red blood cell artifact:
Usually results from stain precipitate
Is usually refractile
Granules should be irregular and not “match” any of your known inclusion bodies.
granular artifact
125
red blood cell artifact
granular artifact
126
parasite on blood film
Dirofilaria immitis – Heartworm microfilaria
127
parasite on blood film
Mycoplasma haemofelis – feline
Fairly common parasite of feline RBCs
Hemobartonellosis or feline infectious anemia
Small, coccoid, rod-shaped or ringlike, and dark
Periphery of RBCs
128
parasite on blood film:
Seen mostly with Monocytes and neutrophils
Dogs, tick vector
Ehrlichia
129
parasite on blood film
Ehrlichia
130
parasite on blood film:
Small, dark-stained cocci at margin of RBC
Cattle, wild ruminants, tick vector
Diff from Howell-jolly bodies
anaplasma
131
parasite on blood film
anaplasma
132
parasite on blood film:
Swine, cattle, llamas
Similar to hemobartonellosis (closely related)
Ring form most common
Eperythrozoa
133
parasite on blood film
Eperythrozoa
134
parasite on blood film:
Feline
Irregular ring forms within RBCs, lymphs, macrophages
cytauxzoon
135
parasite on blood film
Cytauxzoon
136
parasite on blood film:
Cattle, horses, dogs
Large, appears as rings/ tear drops in pairs, in RBCs
Babesia
137
parasite on blood film
Babesia
