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Management of Infection > Lecture 6D - The Role of T and B cells > Flashcards

Lecture 6D - The Role of T and B cells Flashcards

1
Q

What can lymphocytes restore?

A

humoral and cell mediated immunity

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2
Q

What are the three main types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells

T cells

natural killer (NK) cells

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3
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

in bone marrow

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4
Q

What happens when B cells are stimulated?

A

proliferate and develop into antibody producing plasma cells

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5
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

in the thymus

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6
Q

What are the subtypes of T cells?

A

cytotoxic and helper

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7
Q

How do T cells work?

A

they do not secrete antibodies

they act by direct contact with antigens and by the secretion of regulatory factors

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8
Q

What can natural killer cells do?

A

have a separate lineage from T cells, but can kill cancer cells and cells infected with virus

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9
Q

What do B cells do?

A

they cannot kill directly but stimulate phagocytosis

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10
Q

What do plasma B cells produce?

A

antibodies

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11
Q

What do memory B cells do?

A

lead secondary immune response

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12
Q

When do B cells exist in the bone marrow from?

A

before birth

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13
Q

How are B cells activated?

A

by free antigen binding to the antibody, like receptor molecules which are entrenched in the cell membrane of B cells

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14
Q

Activation of B cells?

A

when free antigens bind to the immunoglobulins (IgM or IgD) receptors on the surface of B cells

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15
Q

What matches the antibody the B cells produce?

A

the Ig class and specificity of the receptors

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16
Q

What do most B cells in the blood stream express?

A

IgM or IgD

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17
Q

Where are B cells expressing other antibody classes?

A

they are localised to particular regions e.g. large amounts of IgA bearing B cells in intestinal mucosa

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18
Q

What does clonal selection theory postulate?

A

as each lymphocyte develops it becomes specifically programmaed to react with one particular antigen, even before being exposed to it

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19
Q

What do millions of different cell clones allow?

A

millions of different antigens to be recognised

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20
Q

During development in the bone marrow, what is each lymphocyte programmed to do?

A

react with one specific antigen

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21
Q

What does each cell have?

A

immunoglobulin surface receptors specific for the antigen which it is directed against

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22
Q

What is the binding of a particular antigen able to do?

A

selectively stimulate cell division of a specific clone

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23
Q

When do cells that recognise specific antigens exist?

A

before the body encounters the antigen

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24
Q

What is the diversity of millions of families of cell clones due to?

A

genetics

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25
Q

What are eliminated during development?

A

self reactive clones

this removes the danger of autoimmunity against the body’s own tissue

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26
Q

During infection, the binding of antigen to T or B cell causes?

A

stimulates division and proliferation of specific cell clones

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27
Q

What is a polyclonal response?

A

if a large antigen stimulates a response in a large number of B cells and causes the production of a variety of antibodies, each directed against a particular facet of the molecule

28
Q

What is oligoclonal response?

A

when a few clone families are stimulated

29
Q

What is a monoclonal response?

A

when a single T or B cell clone is involved in producing antibodies or a response

30
Q

When is a monoclonal response seen?

A

only happens commonly in the cell culture situation

31
Q

What do T cells need to have the antigen presented to them on?

A

Major histocompatibility complex protein

32
Q

For many T and B cells, what will the lymphocytes do?

A

divide and become active cells

33
Q

What do the active cells provide?

A

an immediate immune response

34
Q

What do active B cells do?

A

secrete antibodies specifically directed against the antigen which first stimulated them

35
Q

What do active T cells do?

A

carry out cell mediated responses against the antigen

36
Q

What do some of the stimulates virgin cells become?

A

they multiply and develop as memory cells

37
Q

What do memory cells do?

A

do not provide an immediate immune response

they become receptive to the antigen at a later date

38
Q

What can memory cells lead to?

A

the secondary immune response

meaning they can kickstart the immune system response very quickly if the antigen reinfects, allowing us to overcome the infection very quickly

39
Q

What are memory cells the reason for?

A

vaccines

they are vital to the lasting effectiveness of vaccines

40
Q

What does the antigen fragment used in the vaccine do?

A

produces increase amount of antibody and T cells, it creates a long lasting population of memory cells which can lead to a rapid and greatly enhanced response to a specific infectious organism if encountered at a later date

41
Q

What does the response of memory cells do?

A

quickly eliminates the previously encountered pathogen before it can become established and cause disease

42
Q

What are manager T cells?

A

memory T cells

helper (CD4+) cells

suppressor/regulatory T cells

43
Q

What are helper T cells?

A

coordinate and amplify the immune response - they release interleukins

44
Q

Where are immature T cells found?

A

in the bone marrow, but they migrate and reach maturity in the thymus

45
Q

What are effector T cells?

A

T death cells

cytotoxic (CD8+)

NK cells (different cell lineage)

46
Q

What are suppressor T cells?

A

T cells which have suppressor activity, these might be continuously active and work behind development of tolerance and can dampen down activity of self reactive clones

47
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

kill upon contact with the target cell

48
Q

What happens once contact between cytotoxic cell and target cell?

A

cell- cell adhesion proteins strengthen the contact and toxic agents are released locally which kill the target cell

49
Q

Give an example of a toxic agent released by cytotoxic T cells?

A

the peptide perforin, which forms a porous channel like the complement system

50
Q

How else can killer cells achieve results?

A

by perforin independent means

51
Q

What an cytotoxic T cells act against?

A

virally infective cells and cancer cells

52
Q

What are T death cells?

A

T delated type hypersensitivity cells

a specific subset of T cells that can induce cell death in an infected cell

53
Q

What are T death cells important mediators of?

A

long lasting immune responses

54
Q

What can T death cells bind to?

A

an infected cell and induce it to undergo hapitosis

55
Q

What do T death cells help to kill?

A

macrophages infected by TB

56
Q

What are memory T cells?

A

corresponding to memory B cells and give a kickstart to responding to a repeat infection

57
Q

What do helper T cells release?

A

interleukins

58
Q

What do interleukins do?

A

these are hormones that mean helper T cells can exert an influence at a distance of other T cell clones and start to get them active to rapidly exert an immune response

59
Q

What does T cell activation require?

A

peptide antigens to be present to the Ig like receptors on their cell surface by special proteins on another cell called MHC

60
Q

What do class 1 MHC proteins activate?

A

cytotoxic T cells

61
Q

What do antigenic peptides presented on class 2 glycoproteins activate?

A

Helper T cells

62
Q

What do activated Th cells seek out?

A

B cells (in lymph nodes) with same antigen specificity and they dock together

63
Q

What does Th cell stimulate B cell to do?

A

proliferate, differentiate and secrete IgE antibodies against the target

64
Q

Why can Th cells dock to B cells?

A

the MHC proteins are very variable in structure and so there will be a particular MHC cell surface protein which can pick up the same fragment that a B cell reacts to

65
Q

How can B and T cells interact to enhance the immune response?

A

empowered by both antibody producing B and cytotoxic T cells

66
Q

When is an immunological synapse created?

A

when the helper T cell with a fragment encounters the B cell which has cell surface receptors and antibodies directed against that same protein fragment

Management of Infection (36 decks)

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