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Management of Infection > Lecture 4 - Bacteria and Fungi > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Bacteria and Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

What are bacteria?

A

prokaryotes

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2
Q

What is the structure of bacteria?

A

they have DNA loose in the cytoplasm as there is no nucleus

they have a cytoplasmic membrane as well as a cell wall

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3
Q

What do some prokaryotes contain?

A

a capsule which is an extra layer

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4
Q

What do flagella on bacteria do?

A

help them to be more mobile

bacteria can have more than 1 flagella

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5
Q

What do pili on bacteria do?

A

help the bacteria attach to surfaces

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6
Q

How is genetic info contained inside eukaryotes?

A

in the nucleus inside a nuclear envelope

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7
Q

Size of prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes are smaller cells whereas eukaryotes are larger cells

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8
Q

Organelles in eukaryotes vs prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes have organelles whereas prokaryotes don’t

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9
Q

Cell wall in prokaryotes?

A

they have cell walls (peptidoglycan)

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10
Q

Cell wall in eukaryotes?

A

some have cell walls e.g. fungi and plants

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11
Q

Ribosomes in eukaryotes?

A

80S ribosomes

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12
Q

Ribosomes in prokaryotes?

A

70S ribosomes

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13
Q

What are cocci?

A

round bacteria

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14
Q

What are rods?

A

elongated bacteria

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15
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall?

A

it is unique to bacteria and is critical for maintaining shape and structural integrity

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16
Q

Example of straight rod bacteria?

A

Escherichia

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17
Q

Example of a spore forming rod?

A

Bacillus

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18
Q

Example of a branching rod?

A

Actinomyces

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19
Q

Example of a spiral rod?

A

spirochaeta

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20
Q

Example of a coccus?

A

staphylococcus

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21
Q

Grams staining method?

A

crystal violet

then iodine

then decolourisation

then safranin counter stain

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22
Q

What is grams staining used for?

A

to distinguish between two different types of bacteria

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23
Q

Why is iodine used in grams staining?

A

the retain the dye in the cell wall

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24
Q

Gram positive bacteria?

A

have a thick cell wall and retain the purple dye

PURPLE

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25
Gram negative bacteria?
have a thinner cell wall and after safranin staining appear pink PINK
26
What is the cell wall like in gram positive bacteria?
very thick cell wall made of several peptidoglycan layers on top of the cytoplasmic membrane contains strands of sugar which are linked by peptidic bonds and form a rigid structure that gives bacteria their shape
27
Gram negative bacterial cell wall?
there are two cytoplasmic membranes (inner and outer) with a peptidoglycan layer in the middle also contains proteins called porins
28
What do porins allow?
some antibiotics to enter the gram negative cell and act on the peptidoglycan
29
Bacterial cell division?
First the bacterial cell replicates its genetic material and then divides into two daughter cells it is very rapid and millions of bacteria cells can be formed in minutes
30
What does the capsule on bacteria do?
it is an extra layer of protection to protect from
31
What does the capsule protect the bacteria from?
desiccation/antibiotics/disinfectants | phagocytosis/immune system
32
What is the capsule usually made from?
polysaccharides (sometimes polypeptidic) | sugars
33
Why can parts of the capsule be used in design of vaccine?
it is usually antigenic
34
Order of the layers of bacteria?
plasma membrane, then the cell wall, then the capsule
35
Endospore formation steps?
1) DNA is replicated 2) cellular division of cytoplasmic membrane 3) prespore formation begins 4) cortex formation 5) spore coat formation begins 6) maturation begins, exospore formation 7) mother cell releases mature spore (free spore)
36
When are endospores formed by bacteria?
when they go into survival mode
37
What do endospores allow resistance to?
extreme temperatures, harsh conditions, disinfectants
38
When will a freespore regenerate?
it will regenerate the mother cell when the conditions are right
39
What are the two categories of fungi?
yeasts and moulds
40
What are yeasts?
unicellular
41
What are moulds?
multicellular
42
What are fungi?
eukaryotic cells
43
What do fungi have?
a cytoplasmic membrane rich in ergosterol
44
Cell wall of fungi?
they do have a cell wall, but it is not the same as bacteria
45
How does cell division occur in yeasts?
in a similar pattern as bacterial cells, with the formation of a daughter cell
46
What do moulds contain?
several cells which join to form a branch like structure
47
What is sporangium?
a pack of spores
48
What is the phialide in moulds?
connects the spores to the hyphae (stem_
49
what are sporangiophore?
a specialised hyphae
50
Moulds life cycle?
they form branches (filamentous morphology) and then spore production occurs, the spores disperse and any one spore can germinate if its finds the right medium
51
What can spores regenerate?
the multicellular fungus
52
Gram positive cocci?
staphylococcus aureus streptococcus pyogenes enterococcus faecalis
53
Staphylococcus aureus?
colonises the skin and nares (not always pathogenic) skin/respiratory/bone/joint infections, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning, sepsis
54
Streptococcus pyogenes?
skin (epysipelas, cellulitis), throat infections (pharyngitis), scarlet fever, sepsis
55
Enterococcus faecalis?
part of the intestinal flora UTI, endocarditis, sepsis
56
Gram positive rods?
clostridium botulinum clostridium difficile clostridium perfringens clostridium tetani
57
Clostridium botulinum?
botulism
58
Clostridium difficile?
pseudomembranous colitis
59
Clostridium perfringens?
gas gangrene
60
Clostridium tetani?
tetanus
61
Gram negative rods?
Escherichia coli (enterobacteriaceae) pseudomonas aeruginosa (non-enterobacteriaceae)
62
Escherichia coli?
part of the intestinal flora some strains can cause gastroenteritis, UTI, neonatal meningitis
63
Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
part of skin flora and environmental (usually doesn't cause problems) opportunistic pathogen, frequent cause of HAI, major cause of infection in cystic fibrosis infections of burn injuries, pneumonia, UTI
64
Gram negative cocci?
neisseria gonorrhoeae, neisseria meningitidis
65
Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
gonorrhea (STD)
66
Neisseria meningitidis?
pneumonia, meningitis, septicaemia
67
Other bacteria?
mycobacterium tuberculosis - causes tuberculosis and is not gram positive/negative
68
Medically important yeasts?
candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans
69
Candida albicans?
part of the normal gut flora opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients e.g. someone on chemotherapy oral/genital infections, septicaemia
70
Cryptococcus neoformans?
meningitis in immunocompromised patients widely found in pigeon faeces
71
Medically important moulds?
aspergillus
72
Aspergillus?
some toxin producers (aflatoxin from A flavus) opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients (aspergillosis)
73
What does aspergillus release?
spores, if these are inhaled they can cause lung infection

Management of Infection (36 decks)

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