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Management of Infection > Lecture 4 - Bacteria and Fungi > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Bacteria and Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

What are bacteria?

A

prokaryotes

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2
Q

What is the structure of bacteria?

A

they have DNA loose in the cytoplasm as there is no nucleus

they have a cytoplasmic membrane as well as a cell wall

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3
Q

What do some prokaryotes contain?

A

a capsule which is an extra layer

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4
Q

What do flagella on bacteria do?

A

help them to be more mobile

bacteria can have more than 1 flagella

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5
Q

What do pili on bacteria do?

A

help the bacteria attach to surfaces

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6
Q

How is genetic info contained inside eukaryotes?

A

in the nucleus inside a nuclear envelope

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7
Q

Size of prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes are smaller cells whereas eukaryotes are larger cells

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8
Q

Organelles in eukaryotes vs prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes have organelles whereas prokaryotes don’t

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9
Q

Cell wall in prokaryotes?

A

they have cell walls (peptidoglycan)

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10
Q

Cell wall in eukaryotes?

A

some have cell walls e.g. fungi and plants

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11
Q

Ribosomes in eukaryotes?

A

80S ribosomes

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12
Q

Ribosomes in prokaryotes?

A

70S ribosomes

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13
Q

What are cocci?

A

round bacteria

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14
Q

What are rods?

A

elongated bacteria

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15
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall?

A

it is unique to bacteria and is critical for maintaining shape and structural integrity

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16
Q

Example of straight rod bacteria?

A

Escherichia

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17
Q

Example of a spore forming rod?

A

Bacillus

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18
Q

Example of a branching rod?

A

Actinomyces

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19
Q

Example of a spiral rod?

A

spirochaeta

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20
Q

Example of a coccus?

A

staphylococcus

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21
Q

Grams staining method?

A

crystal violet

then iodine

then decolourisation

then safranin counter stain

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22
Q

What is grams staining used for?

A

to distinguish between two different types of bacteria

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23
Q

Why is iodine used in grams staining?

A

the retain the dye in the cell wall

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24
Q

Gram positive bacteria?

A

have a thick cell wall and retain the purple dye

PURPLE

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25
Q

Gram negative bacteria?

A

have a thinner cell wall and after safranin staining appear pink

PINK

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26
Q

What is the cell wall like in gram positive bacteria?

A

very thick cell wall made of several peptidoglycan layers on top of the cytoplasmic membrane

contains strands of sugar which are linked by peptidic bonds and form a rigid structure that gives bacteria their shape

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27
Q

Gram negative bacterial cell wall?

A

there are two cytoplasmic membranes (inner and outer) with a peptidoglycan layer in the middle

also contains proteins called porins

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28
Q

What do porins allow?

A

some antibiotics to enter the gram negative cell and act on the peptidoglycan

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29
Q

Bacterial cell division?

A

First the bacterial cell replicates its genetic material and then divides into two daughter cells

it is very rapid and millions of bacteria cells can be formed in minutes

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30
Q

What does the capsule on bacteria do?

A

it is an extra layer of protection to protect from

31
Q

What does the capsule protect the bacteria from?

A

desiccation/antibiotics/disinfectants

phagocytosis/immune system

32
Q

What is the capsule usually made from?

A

polysaccharides (sometimes polypeptidic)

sugars

33
Q

Why can parts of the capsule be used in design of vaccine?

A

it is usually antigenic

34
Q

Order of the layers of bacteria?

A

plasma membrane, then the cell wall, then the capsule

35
Q

Endospore formation steps?

A

1) DNA is replicated
2) cellular division of cytoplasmic membrane
3) prespore formation begins
4) cortex formation
5) spore coat formation begins
6) maturation begins, exospore formation
7) mother cell releases mature spore (free spore)

36
Q

When are endospores formed by bacteria?

A

when they go into survival mode

37
Q

What do endospores allow resistance to?

A

extreme temperatures, harsh conditions, disinfectants

38
Q

When will a freespore regenerate?

A

it will regenerate the mother cell when the conditions are right

39
Q

What are the two categories of fungi?

A

yeasts and moulds

40
Q

What are yeasts?

A

unicellular

41
Q

What are moulds?

A

multicellular

42
Q

What are fungi?

A

eukaryotic cells

43
Q

What do fungi have?

A

a cytoplasmic membrane rich in ergosterol

44
Q

Cell wall of fungi?

A

they do have a cell wall, but it is not the same as bacteria

45
Q

How does cell division occur in yeasts?

A

in a similar pattern as bacterial cells, with the formation of a daughter cell

46
Q

What do moulds contain?

A

several cells which join to form a branch like structure

47
Q

What is sporangium?

A

a pack of spores

48
Q

What is the phialide in moulds?

A

connects the spores to the hyphae (stem_

49
Q

what are sporangiophore?

A

a specialised hyphae

50
Q

Moulds life cycle?

A

they form branches (filamentous morphology) and then spore production occurs, the spores disperse and any one spore can germinate if its finds the right medium

51
Q

What can spores regenerate?

A

the multicellular fungus

52
Q

Gram positive cocci?

A

staphylococcus aureus

streptococcus pyogenes

enterococcus faecalis

53
Q

Staphylococcus aureus?

A

colonises the skin and nares (not always pathogenic)

skin/respiratory/bone/joint infections, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning, sepsis

54
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

skin (epysipelas, cellulitis), throat infections (pharyngitis), scarlet fever, sepsis

55
Q

Enterococcus faecalis?

A

part of the intestinal flora

UTI, endocarditis, sepsis

56
Q

Gram positive rods?

A

clostridium botulinum

clostridium difficile

clostridium perfringens

clostridium tetani

57
Q

Clostridium botulinum?

A

botulism

58
Q

Clostridium difficile?

A

pseudomembranous colitis

59
Q

Clostridium perfringens?

A

gas gangrene

60
Q

Clostridium tetani?

A

tetanus

61
Q

Gram negative rods?

A

Escherichia coli (enterobacteriaceae)

pseudomonas aeruginosa (non-enterobacteriaceae)

62
Q

Escherichia coli?

A

part of the intestinal flora

some strains can cause gastroenteritis, UTI, neonatal meningitis

63
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

part of skin flora and environmental (usually doesn’t cause problems)

opportunistic pathogen, frequent cause of HAI, major cause of infection in cystic fibrosis

infections of burn injuries, pneumonia, UTI

64
Q

Gram negative cocci?

A

neisseria gonorrhoeae, neisseria meningitidis

65
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

gonorrhea (STD)

66
Q

Neisseria meningitidis?

A

pneumonia, meningitis, septicaemia

67
Q

Other bacteria?

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis - causes tuberculosis and is not gram positive/negative

68
Q

Medically important yeasts?

A

candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans

69
Q

Candida albicans?

A

part of the normal gut flora

opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients e.g. someone on chemotherapy

oral/genital infections, septicaemia

70
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

meningitis in immunocompromised patients

widely found in pigeon faeces

71
Q

Medically important moulds?

A

aspergillus

72
Q

Aspergillus?

A

some toxin producers (aflatoxin from A flavus)

opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients (aspergillosis)

73
Q

What does aspergillus release?

A

spores, if these are inhaled they can cause lung infection

Management of Infection (36 decks)

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