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Management of Infection > Lecture 23A - Topical Infections > Flashcards

Lecture 23A - Topical Infections Flashcards

1
Q

How do you calculate the area of your skin?

A

0.007184 x weight (kg)^0.425 x height (cm)0.725

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2
Q

What is the outer layer of the skin?

A

the waterproof cornified out layer of keratin proteins and lipids, made by epidermis

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3
Q

What is the outermost section of the skin called?

A

the epidermis

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4
Q

What does the epidermis include?

A

the waterproof layer and cells from which the surface coat of skin is derived

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5
Q

What is the dermis?

A

a supporting layer with blood and lymphatic vessels, sensory nerve ending, hair roots depending on the type of skin and sweat glands

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6
Q

Where can sweat gland secrete into?

A

a sub-surface enclosed space (apocrine) or directly onto the skin surface (eccrine)

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7
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

a fatty layer which insulates the body from heat loss and fluid loss and protects muscle and organ tissue beneath

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8
Q

What are eccrine sweat glands?

A

secrete directly onto skin surface

thermoregulation, salt excretion, antibacterials

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9
Q

What are apocrine sweat glands?

A

bud fatty secretions in vesicles off into enclosed areas like hair follicles

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10
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands especially found?

A

in axilla and pubic areas - pheromones

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11
Q

Where are hair follicles housed?

A

A specialised mini organ called the psilosebaceous unit which lies in the dermis

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12
Q

What does the psilosebaceous unit contain?

A

a muscle which can be used to pull the lower end of the hair shaft towards a verticle position and make your hair stand on end

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13
Q

What does the psilosebaceous unit secrete?

A

sebum

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14
Q

What is sebum?

A

an oily, waxy liquid of low pH

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15
Q

What does sebum do?

A

can be antibacterial, helps lubricate the skin, waterproof it in cold wet conditions and with different lipid composition helps slow the rate of evaporation of sweat in hot conditions which helps flid retention

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16
Q

How is sebum antibacterial?

A

it contains antibacterial proteins but can also be antibacterial because of its pH

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17
Q

What can blockage of the psilosebaceous unit cause?

A

acne amongst a variety of other conditions

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18
Q

How often does skin renew itself?

A

every 4 weeks

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19
Q

What are the components of the epidermis?

A

dead anuclear squammes layer

granual layer with keratin vacuoles

spindle layer with early differentiation

germinal layer

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20
Q

What is the cornified envelope?

A

in the dead layer

physical barrier and immune modulation

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21
Q

What are keratin filaments?

A

provide structural integrity in the granular layer

SRC signaling

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22
Q

What are desmosomes and adherens junctions?

A

provide intercellular adhesion and differentiation in the spinel layer

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23
Q

What are integrins?

A

ECM adhesion

stem cell maintenance in germinal layer

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24
Q

What other cells are in the spindle layer?

A

langerhans antigen presenting cells

which are tissue specific macrophages

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25
Q

Where does generation of skin begin?

A

in the lowest level, the germinal layer

26
Q

What happens in the germinal layer?

A

keratinocytes divide and begin their transition through the 3 layers above them to the outer surface of the skin

27
Q

What happens as keratinocytes migrate upwards?

A

they differentiate and mature

28
Q

What helps to drive migration of keratiocytes?

A

a small potential difference of tens of millivolts across the epidermis

29
Q

What do cells in the spindle secrete?

A

proteins to aid adherence between cells so that a uniform sheet of cells is created

30
Q

What do cells in the granular layer produce?

A

keratin filaments, which give mechanical strength to the maturing skin layer

31
Q

What other cells are found in the germinal layer?

A

melanocytes

32
Q

What happens to the cells in the sqammes layer?

A

they have lost their nucleus and are dead

33
Q

What creates the tough waterproof barrier?

A

the tight bonding between cells in the sheet and abudance of keratin fibres and lipid

34
Q

What mediates the sense of touch?

A

innervation of glabrous (non-hairy) skin by fast conducting, low threshold mechano-receptors (LTMRs)

35
Q

What is glabrous skin?

A

most sensitive for and to touch

hands, feet, genitalia, lips, cheeks

very specialised ski areas

36
Q

What is glabrous skin innervated by?

A

A-beta LTMRs including Abeta SA1-LMTRs terminating in merkel cells

37
Q

What responds to light pressure?

A

meissner corpuscles

38
Q

What responds to deeper pressure?

A

pacinian corpuscles

39
Q

What can sustained light pressure be detected by?

A

merkel cells

40
Q

What is skin on the back like?

A

less densely innervated and it is more difficult to discriminate between two closely positioned pressure points

41
Q

What can skin sense?

A

vibration and pressure

42
Q

What does skin respond do?

A

temperature, touch, pain, itch

43
Q

Where are low threshold mechanoreceptors found?

A

close to the skin surface, have narrower receptive fields

44
Q

What does innervation of hair shafts on hairy skin in rodents allow?

A

enables them to be used a sense organs

45
Q

What is innervation of hairy skin?

A

less dense and therefore less sensitive to touch, conveys affective sensations

46
Q

What is hairy skin in rodents innervated by?

A

distinct combinations of LTMRs

47
Q

Where are touch domes of merkel cells found in rodents?

A

above the level of the sebaceous glands of guard hair follicles

48
Q

What are guard hairs innervated by?

A

A-beta RA-LTMR lanceolate endings

49
Q

What are awl/auchene hairs innervated by?

A

three tyes of lanceolate ending LTMRs

Aβ RA-LTMRs, Aδ-LTMRs, and C-LTM

50
Q

What are zigzag hairs innervated by?

A

Aδ-LTMRs and C-LTMRs

51
Q

What do circumferential endings encircle?

A

the longitudinal lanceolate endings of all three types of hair follicles

52
Q

Where is glabrous skin found?

A

on the palms and soles of the feet

53
Q

What is glabrous skin rich in?

A

sensory nerve endings

54
Q

Where is hair skin found?

A

major part of the body surface, but quite varied

back, scalp, eyebrows

55
Q

Where is thick/flexible skin found?

A

knees, elbows, soles of the feet

56
Q

Why is the thickness of skin important?

A

some drugs are applied as ointments or dermal patches where the drug is absorbed by the skin

57
Q

What is the microenvironment?

A

different skin regions vary greatly in their appearance and in the amounts of moisture and oiliness they typically carry

temperature and pH vary also

58
Q

Functions of the skin?

A

a physical barrier to noxious agents and entry of pathogens

immunological barrier to ingress of pathogenic organisms

assist retention of heat and regulation of temp

retains moisture and maintains osmotic balance i the body

sensory organ

excretion, salt balance, secretion of antibacterial peptides and pheromones

vit D production

protection from UV

59
Q

What can widespread burns remove?

A

the skins role in osmoregulation

60
Q

What is a life threatening complication of burns?

A

fluid loss which can be followed by circulatory collapse

Management of Infection (36 decks)

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